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It suggests that the m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(ment of)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0348 Tw 17.245 0 Td [( organizations is rapidly being transform)8(e)-1(d )]TJ 0 Tc 0.383 Tw -17.245 -1.15 Td [(into and form)8(alized around the m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.3846 Tw 19.595 0 Td [( of risk, while m)7(uch of the real)-8( )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2352 Tw -19.595 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( of risks occurs elsewhere. W)9(e)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2338 Tw 18.49 0 Td [( argue firstly and m)8(o)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.2316 Tw 9.255 0 Td (st generally that )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0151 Tw -27.745 -1.15 Td [(hybrids in all their varied for)-6(m)8(s are one of )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.015 Tw 17.34 0 Td [(the key sites where uncertainty is m)9(anaged )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1823 Tw -17.34 -1.15 Td [(beyond the for)-6(m)9(alized practices of)9( risk )]TJ 0.1833 Tw 16.995 0 Td [(m)9(anagem)9(ent. Secondly, we argue that the )]TJ 0.0693 Tw -16.995 -1.15 Td [(m)9(anage)-5(m)9(ent)-6( literatu)6(re o)6(n)1( hybrids has been too focused on organization)6(a)5(l for)-6(m)9(s, and )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0297 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (has neglected the hybrid practi)Tj 0 Tc 0.03 Tw 12.4 0 Td (ces, processes and expertises )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.0275 Tw 11.925 0 Td [(that m)9(ake possible lateral )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0856 Tw -24.325 -1.15 Td [(inform)8(ation flows and c)-6(ooperation across the )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0849 Tw 18.855 0 Td [(boundaries of organizations and fir)-7(m)8(s. )85( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2344 Tw -18.855 -1.15 Td [(Thirdly, we argue that accounting)6( practices are central to these issu)6(es, yet thes)5(e )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.0453 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (practices are often neglected )Tj 0 Tc 0.0437 Tw 11.835 0 Td [(by the wider m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt and )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0395 Tw 12.51 0 Td [(organizational literatures. )40( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.3098 Tw -24.345 -1.15 Td (Accounting, we suggest, is constantly )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.3096 Tw 16.915 0 Td (engaged in a dual hybridization process: )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1634 Tw -16.915 -1.15 Td [(seeking to m)9(ake)-5( visible and calculable the )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1646 Tw 18.305 0 Td (hybrids that it encounters, while at the )Tj 0 Tc 0.04 Tw -18.305 -1.15 Td [(sam)8(e)-1( ti)-7(m)8(e)-1( hybridizing itself through encounter)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0391 Tw 18.945 0 Td [(s with a range of other disciplines. W)9(e)-11( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0715 Tw -18.945 -1.15 Td [(address)5( thes)5(e issu)6(es in three stages. In th)6(e )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0727 Tw 17.55 0 Td [(f)4(i)-1(rs)5(t s)5(ection,)6( we d)6(r)-1(aw attentio)6(n to the)5( key )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1497 Tw -17.55 -1.15 Td (disciplines that have \221discovered\222 hybrids, )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1503 Tw 17.925 0 Td [(albeit at different tim)8(es and in differing )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1294 Tw -17.925 -1.15 Td [(ways. In the second section, som)8(e)-1( selected )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1296 Tw 18.225 0 Td [(exam)8(ples of hybrid practices, processes )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.3049 Tw -18.225 -1.15 Td (and expertises are identified and briefly )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.3037 Tw 17.94 0 Td (discussed. In the third section, and in )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0093 Tw -17.94 -1.15 Td [(conclusion, the im)9(plications of accounting a)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0105 Tw 17.73 0 Td [(nd hybrids for the m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt of risk are )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0 Tw -17.73 -1.15 Td (considered. )Tj 0 Tc 0 -15.485 TD ( )Tj ET 90 157.88 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 155.3604 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 147.9203 Tm (1)Tj -0.0014 Tc 0.0029 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 143.4203 Tm [( Peter Miller an)-4(d Liisa Kurunm\344k)-4(i are at Lon)-4(don)-4( Sc)]TJ -0.0017 Tc 0.0032 Tw 20.814 0 Td [(ho)-5(o)-5(l)1( )6(of Econo)-5(m)10(i)1(cs an)-5(d)-5( Po)-5(litical Scien)-5(ce, and)-5( Ted)-5( )]TJ -0.0046 Tc 0.0061 Tw -21.138 -1.15 Td [(O)-7(\222)-7(L)-4(e)-4(ar)-7(y is)-5( a)-4(t)-2( )6(U)-7(n)-8(iv)-8(e)-4(r)-7(s)-5(ity of)-7( )6(Ma)-4(n)-8(c)-4(h)-8(e)-4(s)-5(t)-2(er)-7( an)]TJ -0.0014 Tc 0.0029 Tw 16.904 0 Td [(d)-4( )6(Un)-4(i)7(v)-4(ersity of Mich)-4(ig)-4(an)-4( \(Ann)-4( )6(Arb)-4(o)2(r\). )]TJ -0.0023 Tc 0.0038 Tw -16.904 -1.144 Td [(We )6(wou)-5(ld lik)-5(e )6(to)-5( th)-5(an)-5(k p)-5(a)4(rticip)-5(an)-5(ts at th)-5(e con)-5(f)-5(eren)-5(ce on)-5( )6(\221Su)-5(s)-2(tain)-5(ing)-5( )6(o)-5(r)1(g)-5(a)4(n)-5(izatio)-5(n)-5(a)-2(l co)-5(mb)-5(in)-5(ation)-5(s)-2(: th)-5(e )]TJ 0.0014 Tc 0.0001 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(fo)4(rm)13(s and )6(feat)4(ures)7( o)4(f)-1( m)13(a)2(nage)8(m)7(e)2(nt)4( cont)10(rol)4( i)10(n)4( hy)4(b)4(r)-1(i)4(d)4( rel)4(a)2(t)4(i)4(o)4(nshi)10(ps\222)5(, )6(hel)4(d)4( at)4( t)4(h)-2(e )6(Uni)10(v)-2(ersi)4(t)4(y)4( o)4(f)-1( B)4(o)-2(cc)8(o)4(n)-2(i)4(, )]TJ 0.0016 Tc -0.0001 Tw T* [(It)4(al)4(y)5(, Sept)4(em)13(ber )6(20)5(0)5(5)-1(. )6(We )6(w)5(oul)10(d al)4(s)8(o)-1( l)4(i)4(k)-1(e t)10(o)-1( t)4(h)-1(a)8(n)5(k M)5(i)4(ke)8( P)7(o)-1(we)8(r )6(fo)5(r )6(hi)4(s c)8(o)5(m)7(m)7(e)2(nt)4(s on a)8(n)-1( )6(earl)4(y)5( ver)5(s)2(i)4(o)5(n )]TJ -0.0013 Tc 0.0028 Tw 0 -1.144 TD [(o)-4(f)2( th)-4(is essay, to)-4(g)-4(e)-1(t)7(h)-4(er with co)-4(lleag)-4(u)-4(e)5(s at Ӱ̳ in )]TJ 19.461 0 Td [(th)-4(e )6(Accou)-4(n)-4(ting)-4( )6(Group)-4(, )6(an)-4(d in)-4( t)7(h)-4(e Cen)-4(t)1(re for )6(An)-4(alysis )]TJ 0.0022 Tc -0.0007 Tw -19.461 -1.15 Td [(of)6( R)5(i)5(sk a)9(n)5(d R)5(e)9(gul)5(at)5(i)5(o)5(n. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 724 0 obj<> endobj 726 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0006 Tc -16.765 60.035 Td [(Introductio)6(n)2( )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1337 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(The m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt of organizations is rapidl)]TJ 0 Tc 0.135 Tw 17.81 0 Td [(y being transform)8(e)-1(d into and for)-7(m)8(alized )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0939 Tw -17.81 -1.15 Td [(around the m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( of risk, while m)8(uch of)]TJ 0.0955 Tw 19.375 0 Td [( t)-7(he real m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt of risks occurs )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0618 Tw -19.375 -1.15 Td [(elsewhere. From)8( COSO and Cadbury, thr)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0586 Tw 16.89 0 Td (ough Turnbull and more recently Sarbanes-)Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0678 Tw -16.89 -1.15 Td [(Oxley, regu)6(latory p)6(r)-1(essu)6(res im)9(plicitly tre)5(at )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0679 Tw 17.785 0 Td [(isomorphism)8( as a desirable end in itself.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 501.3 695.4803 Tm (2)Tj 12 0 0 12 505.3199 689.9603 Tm ( )Tj 0.0008 Tc -0.0014 Tw -34.61 -1.15 Td [(It seem)9(s as if al)-6(m)9(o)1(st anything today can be)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw 17.235 0 Td [( defined as a potential risk, and m)8(a)-1(naged in )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1122 Tw -17.235 -1.15 Td [(accordan)6(ce with newly estab)6(lished regulatory n)6(o)1(rm)9(s.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 352.2 667.8803 Tm (3)Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.1139 Tw 12 0 0 12 356.22 662.3604 Tm [( In a short space o)6(f)4( ti)-6(m)9(e, risk )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.4138 Tw -22.185 -1.15 Td [(comm)8(ittees, risk officers and risk m)8(a)-1(ps)]TJ 0.4148 Tw 17.785 0 Td [( ha)-6(ve becom)8(e)-6( obligatory elem)8(ents of )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.5178 Tw -17.785 -1.15 Td [(for)-6(m)8(alized governance m)8(echanism)8(s, and )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.5154 Tw 18.65 0 Td [(accorded th)6(eir appropriate place in )]TJ 0.0222 Tw -18.65 -1.15 Td [(m)9(anagerial hierarchies. Faith in the m)9(anageab)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0245 Tw 18.565 0 Td (ility of risks appears to go hand in hand )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0794 Tw -18.565 -1.15 Td (with a growing \221risk appetite\222 )Tj 0 Tc 0.08 Tw 12.55 0 Td (on the part of organizations, )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0794 Tw 11.9 0 Td (as the category of risk is )Tj 0.1881 Tw -24.45 -1.15 Td [(itse)5(l)-1(f)4( dif)4(f)4(erentia)5(ted and multiplied into oper)4(atio)6(nal r)4(i)-1(sk, s)5(t)-1(r)4(ategic r)4(i)-1(sk, reputa)5(tiona)10(l )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0234 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(risk and so forth. Risk managem)8(e)-1(nt as an id)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0244 Tw 17.715 0 Td [(ea an)6(d a rou)6(tin)6(ized se)]TJ -0.0005 Tc 0.0255 Tw 8.755 0 Td [(t of practices is now)7( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0096 Tw -26.47 -1.15 Td (central to both private sector)Tj 11.49 0 Td [( com)8(panies and public sector organizations, and indeed i)-7(s)-5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0595 Tw -11.49 -1.15 Td [(an im)8(portant boundary-spanning ac)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0569 Tw 14.37 0 Td [(tivity that is becom)8(i)-2(ng a )]TJ 0 Tc 0.0583 Tw 10.21 0 Td (model of organization in )Tj 0 Tw -24.58 -1.15 Td (its own right. )Tj T* ( )Tj 0.145 Tw T* [(Hybrids are sim)8(ilarly ubiquitous, and vary )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.1432 Tw 18.06 0 Td [(con)6(siderab)6(ly in)6( type. They)6( can take th)6(e )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2431 Tw -18.06 -1.15 Td [(for)-6(m)8( of organizational arrangem)8(ents that )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.2439 Tw 17.86 0 Td [(do n)6(o)1(t read)6(ily f)4(it traditiona)5(l m)9(odels of )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1385 Tw -17.86 -1.15 Td [(hierarchies or m)8(a)-1(rkets. Or they can take )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1395 Tw 17.2 0 Td [(the form)8( of hybrid pro)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.1403 Tw 9.5 0 Td (cesses, practices or )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1647 Tw -26.7 -1.15 Td [(expertises produced out of two or more elem)8(ents norm)8(a)-1(lly found separately.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 475.98 474.6803 Tm (4)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1647 Tw 12 0 0 12 480 469.1603 Tm ( Yet, )Tj 0.0937 Tw -32.5 -1.15 Td [(while th)5(ese two phenomena are already alm)8(o)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0942 Tw 18.61 0 Td (st taken for granted by researchers and )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0194 Tw -18.61 -1.15 Td [(practitioners, the im)8(plications)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0191 Tw 11.96 0 Td [( of hybrids for the m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( of risk are insufficiently )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0882 Tw -11.96 -1.15 Td [(addressed. As risk m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt com)8(e)-1(s )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0886 Tw 16.155 0 Td [(to be defined increasingly as form)8(al )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw 15.145 0 Td (process)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 3.06 0 Td (, )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.5683 Tw -34.36 -1.15 Td [(the dynam)8(i)-2(cs of organisational life, )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.5684 Tw 17.235 0 Td [(the perm)8(eability and fuzzy nature of )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0699 Tw -17.235 -1.145 Td (organizational boundaries, and the varied hybr)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0701 Tw 18.955 0 Td (id practices through )Tj -0.0007 Tc 0.0707 Tw 8.4 0 Td (which uncertainty )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.2781 Tw -27.355 -1.15 Td [(is ac)5(tua)5(lly m)9(anaged within)6( and a)5(cross o)6(r)-1(ga)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2777 Tw 18.895 0 Td [(n)6(i)-2(zations ten)6(d)1( to be)4( co)6(nf)4(ined to the )]TJ 0 Tc 0.46 Tw -18.895 -1.15 Td [(penum)8(bra. Standardization and complian)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.4585 Tw 17.815 0 Td (ce tend to take precedence over the )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.2093 Tw -17.815 -1.15 Td [(m)9(anagem)9(ent)-6( of the real risks that organi)]TJ 17.38 0 Td [(zation)6(s face. And the vocabu)6(l)-1(ary of risk)6( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0347 Tw -17.38 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7(, with its hierarch)5(ical emphasis,)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0326 Tw 17.915 0 Td [( rem)9(a)-5(ins largely antith)6(etical to)6( the hybrid)6( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw -17.915 -1.15 Td [(nature of an increasing num)8(b)]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 11.66 0 Td (er of organizational and in)Tj 10.555 0 Td [(ter-o)5(rganizational practices. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -22.215 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.052 Tw T* (Firstly and most generally, this essay argues )Tj 18.325 0 Td (that hybrids in all th)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0546 Tw 8.27 0 Td [(eir varied form)8(s are )]TJ 0.0396 Tw -26.595 -1.15 Td (one of the key sites where uncertainty is )Tj 0.0397 Tw 16.66 0 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(d beyond the for)-7(m)8(alized practices of )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.159 Tw -16.66 -1.15 Td [(risk m)9(anagem)9(ent. Managem)9(ent of t)-6(h)1(e actua)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1594 Tw 18.31 0 Td [(l risks that org)6(a)-1(nizations face does not )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.3597 Tw -18.31 -1.15 Td (only happen, we argue, through the now )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.3595 Tw 18.885 0 Td [(obligatory and increasingly com)8(p)1(l)-7(e)-1(x )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2341 Tw -18.885 -1.15 Td [(apparatus of risk m)8(a)-1(na)-6(gem)8(e)-1(nt system)8(s. Indeed, as com)8(pliance with more or less)-5( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1473 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(standardized governance m)8(ode)]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.1426 Tw 12.675 0 Td [(ls com)9(es to dominate incr)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1451 Tw 10.86 0 Td (easingly the design of risk )Tj 0.0009 Tc -0.0002 Tw -23.535 -1.15 Td [(m)9(anage)-5(m)9(ent)-6( system)9(s, it m)9(ay well be that such system)9(s lose their ability to m)9(anage the)-5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0785 Tw T* [(real risk)6(s th)6(at organ)6(i)-2(zations face. Secondl)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0775 Tw 17.06 0 Td [(y, we argue th)6(at the m)9(anagem)9(ent literature )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -17.06 -1.15 Td (on hybrids has been too focused on organizati)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0009 Tw 18.365 0 Td [(onal for)-7(m)8(s, and has neglected the hybrid )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1184 Tw -18.365 -1.15 Td [(practices, p)6(r)4(ocesses and)6( expertises that m)8(a)]TJ 0.1183 Tw 17.645 0 Td [(ke possible lateral inform)9(ation flows and )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -17.645 -2.005 Td ( )Tj ET 90 157.88 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 155.3604 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 147.9203 Tm (2)Tj -0.0022 Tc 0.0037 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 143.4203 Tm [( See: Co)-5(mm)9(i)-6(tt)-6(ee on)-5( th)-5(e Financial A)-5(s)-2(p)-5(ects )6(of Co)-5(rpo)-5(r)-4(ate )6(Gov)-5(e)-1(rn)-5(an)-5(ce, )6(19)-5(92 \()-4(Cadbu)-5(r)-4(y)1( Repo)-5(r)-4(t\))-4(; )]TJ 0.0015 Tc -0.006 Tw -0.323 -1.15 Td [(C)4(o)-1(m)7(m)7(i)4(tt)4(ee )-6(of Sp)5(ons)7(o)5(r)-1(i)4(n)5(g Or)5(gani)4(zat)4(i)4(o)5(ns o)5(f)-1( t)4(h)-1(e )-6(Trea)8(d)5(w)-1(ay)5( C)4(o)-1(m)7(m)7(i)4(ssi)4(on )-6(\()5(C)4(OSO)5(\))-1(,)6( )-6(1)5(9)5(92;)4( IC)4(AE)8(W,)6( )-6(1)5(9)5(9)-1(9)5( )]TJ -0.0025 Tc -0.002 Tw 0 -1.144 TD [(\()-5(T)-2(urn)-5(b)1(u)-5(ll )-6(Repo)-5(r)-5(t\))-5(; Sarb)-5(an)-5(es-O)-5(x)-5(ley A)-5(c)-2(t )-6(2002)-5(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 113.4203 Tm (3)Tj -0.0028 Tc 0.0043 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 108.9203 Tm [( See Pow)-5(e)-2(r \(2)-6(00)-6(4\))-5( )6(f)-5(or)-5( a r)-5(e)4(v)-6(iew)-5( an)-6(d ch)-6(allengin)-6(g)-6( cr)-5(iti)]TJ -0.0013 Tc 0.0028 Tw 20.928 0 Td [(q)-4(u)-4(e)5( of )6(th)-4(is asp)-4(i)7(ratio)-4(n )6(to)-4( eng)-4(a)5(g)-4(e)-1( in the \221risk)-4( )]TJ 0.0017 Tc -0.0002 Tw -21.251 -1.15 Td [(m)7(a)2(nagem)13(e)2(nt)4( o)5(f)-1( e)8(v)-1(ery)5(t)4(hi)4(n)5(g)5(\222)-1(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 90.4403 Tm (4)Tj 0.0017 Tc -0.0002 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 85.9403 Tm [( Hy)11(bri)10(d)-1(s, acc)8(o)5(r)-1(di)10(ng)5( t)4(o)-1( t)10(h)-1(i)4(s)2( vi)10(ew, )6(ha)8(ve )6(di)4(st)4(i)4(n)5(ct)4(i)4(v)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.0019 Tw 19.401 0 Td [(e attributes)6( and c)6(h)-3(aracte)6(r)-3(istics, and a)6(r)-3(e )6(not m)11(erely )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0005 Tw -19.725 -1.15 Td [(interm)12(ediary)4( form)12(s. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 728 0 obj<> endobj 730 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0074 Tw -16.765 60.045 Td [(cooperation across the boundaries of)9( organiza)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0096 Tw 18.405 0 Td [(tions and firm)8(s)-5(. The diversity of hybrids )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0849 Tw -18.405 -1.15 Td (has been given insufficient attention, and we )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0845 Tw 18.7 0 Td (argue that this needs to be redressed if )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1144 Tw -18.7 -1.15 Td [(we are to understand b)6(e)-1(tter how organizations)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1145 Tw 19.145 0 Td [( m)8(a)-1(nage the range of risks they face.)6( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2344 Tw -19.145 -1.15 Td [(Thirdly, we argue that accounting)6( practices are central to these issu)6(es, yet thes)5(e )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.0453 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (practices are often neglected )Tj 0 Tc 0.0437 Tw 11.835 0 Td [(by the wider m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt and )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0395 Tw 12.51 0 Td [(organizational literatures. )40( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1749 Tw -24.345 -1.15 Td (Historically, accounting is itself a hybrid th)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1739 Tw 18.42 0 Td [(at was for)-7(m)8(ed at the m)8(a)-1(rgins of other )]TJ 0 Tc 0.179 Tw -18.42 -1.15 Td (disciplines such as engineering and econom)Tj 0.0001 Tc 18.415 0 Td [(ics \(Miller, 1998\). One might say that)-7( )]TJ 0.1232 Tw -18.415 -1.15 Td (accounting has always been concerned in la)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1224 Tw 18.24 0 Td [(rge part with m)8(a)-1(naging uncertainty and )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0995 Tw -18.24 -1.15 Td [(risk, ev)6(en if)9( the languag)6(e)-1( of risk has onl)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0997 Tw 16.82 0 Td [(y relatively recently entered th)5(e accoun)5(tin)5(g )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0 Tw -16.82 -1.15 Td (lexicon. )Tj 0 Tc T* ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.088 Tw T* [(This suggests an im)8(portant lesson about hybrid)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.0894 Tw 19.36 0 Td [(s: that the process of hybridization is)-6( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0734 Tw -19.36 -1.15 Td [(continuing and dynam)8(i)-2(c, even if its rate vari)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0726 Tw 18.17 0 Td [(es across tim)8(e. Whether it is a m)8(a)-1(tter of )]TJ 0.3645 Tw -18.17 -1.15 Td [(the em)8(ergence of new organizational form)8(s,)]TJ 19.425 0 Td [( processes, practices o)6(r)4( expertises, )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2689 Tw -19.425 -1.15 Td [(typically the newly form)8(ed hybrid stabil)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2688 Tw 17.425 0 Td [(izes f)8(or a while and m)8(a)-1(y even become)-6( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw -17.425 -1.15 Td (institutionalized.)Tj 0 Tc 7.98 0 0 7.98 170.34 557.4803 Tm (5)Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.2604 Tw 12 0 0 12 174.36 551.9603 Tm [( W)8(e)-2( are seeing this now with fo)]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.2588 Tw 14.495 0 Td [(r)-6(m)9(alized risk m)9(anagem)9(ent and )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1532 Tw -21.525 -1.15 Td [(governance system)9(s that are specified with )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1547 Tw 18.325 0 Td [(increasing detail. Equally typically, the)9( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0314 Tw -18.325 -1.15 Td [(process)5( is)5( likely then to recomm)9(ence as a )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0335 Tw 17.095 0 Td [(m)8(o)1(re o)6(r)-1( less stab)6(ilized and)6( ins)5(t)3(itutionalized )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0137 Tw -17.095 -1.15 Td [(arrang)6(em)9(ent is dis)5(t)-1(urbed)6( as it com)9(es into con)6(t)-1(act with a new s)5(et of dem)9(ands, issues o)6(r)-1( )]TJ 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (events.)Tj 0 Tc 7.98 0 0 7.98 123.66 502.2803 Tm (6)Tj 0.0328 Tw 12 0 0 12 127.68 496.7603 Tm ( The roles of accounting in this proces)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0309 Tw 15.535 0 Td [(s)5( are em)9(blematic.)6( For accounting is n)6(o)1(t )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0598 Tw -18.675 -1.15 Td (only itself a hybrid to its core, but it is co)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0609 Tw 17.075 0 Td [(nstantly seeking to m)8(a)-1(ke m)8(a)-1(nageable other )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1988 Tw -17.075 -1.15 Td [(newly for)-7(m)3(ed hybrids. Whether in the form)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1994 Tw 18.665 0 Td [( of triple bottom)8(-line reporting, value )]TJ 0.0193 Tw -18.665 -1.15 Td [(reporting, in)6(ter-og)6(anizational cost m)9(a)-5(nagem)9(ent, target costin)6(g, open book accountin)6(g, )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0251 Tw T* (pooled budgets, or whatever, a)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0214 Tw 12.37 0 Td (ccounting is constantly enga)Tj -0.0006 Tc 0.0256 Tw 11.43 0 Td (ged in a dual hybridization )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0095 Tw -23.8 -1.15 Td [(process: seeking to m)8(a)-1(ke visi)]TJ -0.0005 Tc 11.765 0 Td (ble and calculable the hybrids th)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0085 Tw 13.005 0 Td (at it encounters, while at )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0251 Tw -24.77 -1.15 Td [(the sam)8(e)-1( tim)8(e)-1( hybridizing itself through encoun)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0232 Tw 19.3 0 Td (ters with those who )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.0215 Tw 8.15 0 Td [(claim)9( expertise in )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0007 Tw -27.45 -1.145 Td [(m)8(a)-1(rketing, strategy, design, m)8(e)-1(dicine and so forth. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2637 Tw T* (This essay addresses these issues in thr)Tj 0.2647 Tw 17.205 0 Td [(ee stages. In the first section, it draws)-5( )]TJ 0.0287 Tw -17.205 -1.15 Td (attention to the key disciplines \226 accounti)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0299 Tw 16.795 0 Td [(ng, econom)8(i)-2(cs, law, organisation theory and )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1088 Tw -16.795 -1.15 Td (sociology \226 that have \221discovere)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.1103 Tw 13.38 0 Td (d\222 hybrids, albeit at diffe)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1081 Tw 10.35 0 Td [(rent tim)8(es and in differing )]TJ 0.1294 Tw -23.73 -1.15 Td [(ways. In the second section, som)8(e)-1( selected )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1296 Tw 18.225 0 Td [(exam)8(ples of hybrid practices, processes )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.3049 Tw -18.225 -1.15 Td (and expertises are identified and briefly )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.3037 Tw 17.94 0 Td (discussed. In the third section, and in )Tj -0.0004 Tw -17.94 -1.15 Td [(conclusion, the im)8(plications of hybrids for )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0015 Tw 17.25 0 Td [(the managem)8(e)-1(nt of risk are considered. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -17.25 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 0 -1.16 TD (The Discovery of Hybrids )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1417 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(W)9(ithout hybridization, accounting would lack mu)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1432 Tw 20.655 0 Td [(ch of its core calculative conten)6(t. )144( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0698 Tw -20.655 -1.15 Td [(Managem)8(e)-1(nt accounting was for)-7(m)8(ed and re-for)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0692 Tw 19.375 0 Td [(m)9(ed largely at the \221m)9(argins\222, and out)-6( )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1052 Tw -19.375 -1.15 Td [(of a range o)5(f)3( calculative practices d)5(r)3(awn fr)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1048 Tw 17.845 0 Td [(om)8( ot)-7(her disciplines )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.1053 Tw 8.675 0 Td (such as engineering )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1387 Tw -26.52 -1.15 Td (and economics \(Miller, 1998\). Practices su)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1395 Tw 18.235 0 Td (ch as standard costing, discounted cash )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0397 Tw -18.235 -1.15 Td (flow, the distinction between fixed and vari)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0399 Tw 17.665 0 Td [(able costs, break-even analysis, and m)8(uc)-6(h )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -17.665 -2.005 Td ( )Tj ET 90 157.88 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 155.3604 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 147.9203 Tm (5)Tj -0.0015 Tc 0.003 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 143.4203 Tm [( To bring)-4( tog)-4(e)-1(t)7(h)-4(er th)-4(e so)-4(m)10(e)-1(wh)-4(at d)-4(i)1(stin)-4(ct lang)-4(u)-4(a)5(g)-4(e)]TJ 0.0031 Tw 20.042 0 Td [( )6(of actor-n)-5(etwo)-5(rk)-5( t)7(h)-5(eory and)-5( institu)-5(tio)-5(nal th)-5(eory, )]TJ -0.0009 Tc 0.0024 Tw -20.365 -1.15 Td [(o)-4(n)-4(e)6( m)11(i)2(g)-4(h)-4(t)2( say th)-4(at, as n)-4(et)8(w)-3(or)-3(ks or)-3( assem)11(b)-4(lages co)-4(m)11(e )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0016 Tw 21.563 0 Td [(to be)7( s)6(t)2(abilized for re)7(ason)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0012 Tw 10.311 0 Td [(able )6(peri)9(ods, t)9(h)-3(ey take)7( )]TJ -0.0015 Tc 0.003 Tw -31.874 -1.144 Td [(o)-4(n)2( th)-4(e ch)-4(aracteristics o)-4(f)2( in)-4(stitu)-4(tio)-4(ns \(Miller, )6(1)-4(997)-4(\). )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 113.4203 Tm (6)Tj -0.0014 Tc 0.0029 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 108.9203 Tm [( Th)-4(is )6(pro)-4(cess )6(has similarities t)-5(o)-4( th)-4(e pro)-4(cess )6(of )]TJ -0.002 Tc 0.0035 Tw 18.593 0 Td [(h)-5(y)1(b)-5(r)-4(i)6(d)-5(izatio)-5(n and)-5( )6(p)-5(u)1(rification)-5( th)-5(at )6(Latou)-5(r)2( \(1)-5(993)-5(\) )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0006 Tw -18.916 -1.15 Td [(descri)9(bes.)5( )6(Wh)4(ereas Lat)9(o)-2(u)4(r)-1( i)3(s)1( )6(conce)8(r)5(ned)4( p)4(r)-1(i)3(m)6(ari)3(l)3(y)4( )]TJ -0.002 Tc 0.0035 Tw 20.341 0 Td [(with)-5( th)-5(e h)-5(ybrid)-5(ization)-5( )6(o)-5(f)2( n)-5(a)-1(t)6(u)-5(re and)-5( cu)-5(ltu)-5(re, )6(o)-5(f)-4( )]TJ -0.0006 Tc 0.0021 Tw -20.341 -1.144 Td [(science a)6(n)-4(d society, the conc)6(ern in t)8(h)-4(is essa)6(y )]TJ -0.0014 Tc 0.0029 Tw 18.21 0 Td [(is with)-4( t)7(h)-4(e )6(hyb)-4(rid)-4(i)1(zation)-4( )6(\(an)-4(d)2( stab)-4(ilizatio)-4(n\) )6(o)-4(f)-4( )]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.0003 Tw -18.21 -1.15 Td [(or)5(ga)8(ni)4(zat)4(i)4(onal)4( )6(fo)4(rm)13(s, as wel)4(l)4( )6(as t)4(h)-2(e )6(hy)4(b)4(r)-1(i)4(d)-2(i)4(z)8(at)4(i)4(on )6(of)5( p)4(r)-1(act)4(i)4(ces, )6(pr)5(ocesses)7( a)8(n)-2(d)4( ex)4(pe)8(rt)4(i)4(s)1(e. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 732 0 obj<> endobj 734 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1026 Tw -16.765 60.045 Td [(more have been drawn from)9( elsewhere and)6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1029 Tw 18.195 0 Td [(con)5(stitu)5(ted as the core of accounting.)5( If )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1136 Tw -18.195 -1.15 Td [(we want to understand better the dynam)8(i)-2(cs)]TJ 0 Tc 0.1166 Tw 17.8 0 Td ( of hybridization pr)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1148 Tw 8.1 0 Td [(ocesses, how hybrids)-6( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0253 Tw -25.9 -1.15 Td [(for)-6(m)8( out of elem)8(ents typically found separate)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0249 Tw 18.38 0 Td (ly, and how they then become stabilized )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0741 Tw -18.38 -1.15 Td [(and institu)6(tionaliz)5(ed bef)4(o)1(re the hyb)6(r)4(i)-1(diza)5(ti)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0752 Tw 17.3 0 Td [(on process begins anew, accounting offers)-6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0921 Tw -17.3 -1.15 Td (an ideal-typical illustration. )Tj 0.0933 Tw 11.565 0 Td (Practices that once were at )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0934 Tw 11.385 0 Td [(the m)8(a)-1(rgins seem)8( now to be )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.3787 Tw -22.95 -1.15 Td [(intrinsic an)5(d funda)-6(m)8(e)-6(ntal to the self-i)]TJ 0 Tc 0.3791 Tw 16.93 0 Td [(den)5(t)-2(ity of accounting, even)5( as they are )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0836 Tw -16.93 -1.15 Td (beginning to be questioned, ch)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0852 Tw 12.585 0 Td (allenged and re-shaped. Ear)Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.0839 Tw 11.355 0 Td [(lie)5(r battle)5(s and)6( skirm)9(i)-1(shes )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -23.94 -1.15 Td [(over the bou)6(ndaries of accounting are soon effaced from)8( the collective m)8(e)-1(mory, as the )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0852 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (discipline moves on to worry about a new set )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0845 Tw 19.14 0 Td (of issues regarding the integrity of its )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw -19.14 -1.15 Td [(self-im)9(age. )]TJ 0 Tc T* ( )Tj 0.0012 Tc 0.0068 Tw T* [(Yet ther)4(e is another side)5( to )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0099 Tw 11.06 0 Td (the hybridization of accounting )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0086 Tw 12.815 0 Td [(\226 the m)8(ore or less constant )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0234 Tw -23.875 -1.15 Td [(attem)9(p)1(ts on the part of accounting to)6( rec)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0244 Tw 16.315 0 Td [(ognize and account for other hyb)6(rids. Even if )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0939 Tw -16.315 -1.15 Td (accounting has been relatively sl)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.0943 Tw 13.425 0 Td (ow to achieve this, no doubt)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0923 Tw 11.74 0 Td ( due in part to its deep )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.0852 Tw -25.165 -1.15 Td [(comm)9(itm)9(ent to entity as)5(sum)9(p)1(tions, we now)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0837 Tw 17.87 0 Td ( see accounting seeking to catch up with )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0346 Tw -17.87 -1.15 Td [(the phenomenon of inter-organ)5(izational rela)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0349 Tw 17.75 0 Td [(tion)5(ships. Nearly a decade ago, Hopwood )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.1441 Tw -17.75 -1.15 Td [(\(1996\) argued that m)9(anagem)9(ent processes )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1447 Tw 17.815 0 Td (frequently transcend legal organizational )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.4993 Tw -17.815 -1.15 Td [(boundaries,)6( yet m)9(o)1(st)-6( accountin)6(g practices )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.4985 Tw 19.505 0 Td (continue to focus on hierarchical )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0032 Tw -19.505 -1.15 Td [(relationships and inform)8(ation flows. Latera)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0036 Tw 17.315 0 Td [(l inform)8(ation flows are typically neglected, )]TJ 0.2697 Tw -17.315 -1.15 Td [(and budgeting, planning and perform)8(a)-1(nce eval)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2688 Tw 19.96 0 Td (uation are largely seen in vertical )Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.3729 Tw -19.96 -1.15 Td [(term)9(s. Even the so-ca)5(lled new m)9(anagem)9(ent accounting)6(s tend to m)9(aintain th)6(is )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1097 Tw T* (hierarchical orientation. To )Tj 0 Tc 0.1137 Tw 11.505 0 Td (counter this, Hopwood called fo)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1135 Tw 13.315 0 Td (r greater attention to be )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0196 Tw -24.82 -1.15 Td [(paid to the lateral processing of infor)-7(m)8(ati)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0217 Tw 16.68 0 Td [(on, and for m)9(o)1(re explicit )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0199 Tw 10.28 0 Td (consideration to be )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.1033 Tw -26.96 -1.15 Td [(accorded to the integ)6(r)-1(ation of action)6(s within)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1047 Tw 18.305 0 Td [( networks of or)-7(ganizations.)5( In so far as)-10( )]TJ 0.0279 Tw -18.305 -1.15 Td (planning, budgeting and control )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0295 Tw 13.15 0 Td [(processes flow from)8( one or)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0297 Tw 11.005 0 Td (ganization into others and )Tj 0.038 Tw -24.155 -1.15 Td (create an interdependence of action, he argue)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0381 Tw 18.315 0 Td [(d that a m)8(o)1(re explic)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0399 Tw 8.09 0 Td [(it awareness of suc)-6(h )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1943 Tw -26.405 -1.145 Td [(processes is)5( needed to facilitate the role)]TJ 0.1944 Tw 17.07 0 Td [( of joint action in organizational succes)5(s. )]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.2804 Tw -17.07 -1.15 Td [(Building on these argum)7(e)-2(nts, a body of wo)]TJ 0 Tc 0.28 Tw 19.165 0 Td [(rk has begun to form)8( that provides )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0586 Tw -19.165 -1.15 Td [(substantive em)8(pirical analysis of the dive)]TJ 0 Tc 0.06 Tw 16.83 0 Td (rse ways in which accounting adapts to and )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2146 Tw -16.83 -1.15 Td (facilitates inter-organ)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2148 Tw 8.795 0 Td [(izational cooperation. Cost m)8(a)-1(na)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.2147 Tw 13.805 0 Td [(gem)8(e)-1(nt across organizations, )]TJ 0.3346 Tw -22.6 -1.15 Td [(supply chains and supplier selection practices, open-book for)-7(m)8(s of accounting)5(, )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2301 Tw T* (strategic alliances, budgeting, )Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.2303 Tw 12.82 0 Td [(and investm)8(e)-1(nt a)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2302 Tw 7.23 0 Td [(ppraisal have all begun to receive)-6( )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.008 Tw -20.05 -1.15 Td [(atten)6(tion)6( in)6( term)9(s of)4( the later)4(al inf)4(o)1(r)4(m)9(ation )]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.0097 Tw 17.575 0 Td (flows they entail, and in terms of the ways )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1282 Tw -17.575 -1.15 Td (in which accounting practices)Tj 0 Tc 0.129 Tw 12.3 0 Td ( today extend beyond the bo)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1299 Tw 11.94 0 Td (undaries of organizations )Tj 0.164 Tw -24.24 -1.15 Td (\(Baxter and Chua, 2003; Cooper and Slag)Tj 0.1636 Tw 17.735 0 Td [(m)8(ul)-7(der, 2004; Dekker, 2004; H\345kansson )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1694 Tw -17.735 -1.15 Td (and Lind, 2004; Ittner et al, 1999; Kur)Tj 0 Tc 0.17 Tw 16.485 0 Td [(unm)8(\344ki)-7( and Miller, 2004; Llewellyn, 1991, )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1199 Tw -16.485 -1.15 Td (1994; Miller and O\222Leary, 2005b, 2005c; Mour)Tj 0.1179 Tw 19.77 0 Td [(itsen, 1999; Mouritsen, et al., 2001; )118( )]TJ -0.0009 Tw -19.77 -1.15 Td [(Seal et al, 2004; Tom)8(ki)-7(ns, 2001; Van )]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 15.195 0 Td [(der Meer-Kooistra and Vosselm)8(a)-6(n, 2000\). )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -15.195 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.4543 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(If accounting has, until recen)6(tly,)6( rem)9(ained)]TJ 0.4544 Tw 19.19 0 Td [( largely fixated on the tradition)6(a)-1(l )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1998 Tw -19.19 -1.15 Td [(hierarchical organization, econom)8(ics has be)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.197 Tw 18.315 0 Td [(en sim)8(ilarly focuse)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1982 Tw 8.005 0 Td (d on the distinction )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1045 Tw -26.32 -1.15 Td [(between m)8(a)-6(rkets and hierarchies, despite th)]TJ 17.975 0 Td [(e early treatm)8(e)-1(nt of \221hybrids\222 by writers )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.225 Tw -17.975 -1.15 Td [(such as W)10(illiam)9(son. Over 25 years)5( ago, W)]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.2239 Tw 18.65 0 Td [(illiam)9(son argued that m)9(u)1(ch econom)9(ic )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0972 Tw -18.65 -1.15 Td [(activ)6(ity takes place via governance structures )]TJ 0.1004 Tw 18.99 0 Td [(th)6(at are in)6(term)9(ediate between m)9(arkets )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0744 Tw -18.99 -1.15 Td [(and hierarch)6(ies \(W)10(illiamson, 1979\). He argued then that, if it rem)9(ains interes)5(ting to)6( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1152 Tw T* [(ask why so much vertical integ)6(r)-1(atio)6(n occurs)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1135 Tw 18.31 0 Td [(, it is equally interes)5(ting to)6( ask why so)-9( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0195 Tw -18.31 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(ny transactions occur in m)8(a)-1(rkets and quasi-m)8(arkets. W)9(h)1(ile m)8(a)-1(rkets and hierarchies)-5( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.2912 Tw T* (represent two of the princi)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2895 Tw 11.72 0 Td [(pal go)6(vernance s)5(t)3(ructures fo)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2898 Tw 12.17 0 Td (r organizing transactions, )Tj 0.0013 Tc 0.3287 Tw -23.89 -1.15 Td [(W)10(illiam)9(s)1(on argued tha)5(t)-1( a third type that he)5( called \221)4(s)1(e)5(m)9(i-specif)4(i)-1(c\222)4( also exis)6(te)5(d )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.3592 Tw T* [(\(W)10(illiam)9(son, 1979: 247\). Se)-5(m)9(i)-1(-specific gove)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.3596 Tw 19.505 0 Td [(rnance stru)5(ctures, he argued, were )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 736 0 obj<> endobj 738 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.2381 Tw -16.765 60.045 Td [(tailored to transac)5(tions that were n)6(eithe)5(r)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2398 Tw 17.29 0 Td [( highly standardized nor highly specific. )245( )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0651 Tw -17.29 -1.15 Td [(Several years later, he comm)8(ented that tran)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0618 Tw 17.68 0 Td [(sactions in the \221m)8(iddl)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0645 Tw 8.815 0 Td [(e rang)6(e\222 were m)8(u)1(c)-11(h)-4( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0788 Tw -26.495 -1.15 Td (more common than he had thought a )Tj 0.0783 Tw 15.475 0 Td [(decade earlier \(W)9(illiam)8(son, 1985:)-7( 83\).)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 464.76 736.8803 Tm (7)Tj -0.0012 Tc 0.0812 Tw 12 0 0 12 468.78 731.3603 Tm ( By the )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.2187 Tw -31.565 -1.15 Td (early 1990s, he identified hybrids explicitly)Tj 0.2197 Tw 18.55 0 Td [( as one of three alternative m)8(odes of )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0286 Tw -18.55 -1.15 Td [(governance \(W)10(illiam)9(son, 1991\). The aim here was to put hybrids on a sim)9(ilar footing )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0397 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(to m)8(a)-1(rkets and hierarchies, and to characteri)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 17.935 0 Td [(ze the abstract attributes that define them)8( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.18 Tw -17.935 -1.15 Td [(as an alternative m)9(ode of governance rath)]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.1796 Tw 17.815 0 Td [(er than a loose am)9(alga)-5(m)9( of m)9(arket and )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.1001 Tw -17.815 -1.15 Td [(hierarchy. The firm)9(, W)10(i)-6(lliam)9(son argued, is )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0999 Tw 17.97 0 Td (usefully thought of as the organizational )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0796 Tw -17.97 -1.15 Td [(for)-7(m)8( or governance stru)5(cture \221of las)5(t)-2( reso)5(rt\222 \(W)9(illiam)8(son, 2002: 183\), d)5(r)3(iven largely )]TJ 0.3234 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (by increasing asset specificity. Hybrids,)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.3251 Tw 17.245 0 Td ( although representing )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.322 Tw 10.165 0 Td (a distinctive and )Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw -27.41 -1.15 Td [(generic m)8(o)1(de of governance, are conceived as)]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 18.475 0 Td [( \221m)8(arket-preserving credible contracting )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.4348 Tw -18.475 -1.15 Td (modes that possess adaptive attributes )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.4327 Tw 17.645 0 Td [(located between)6( classical m)9(arkets and )]TJ 0.0009 Tc -0.0025 Tw -17.645 -1.15 Td [(hierarchies\222 \(W)10(illiam)9(son, 2002: 181\).)6( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0394 Tw T* [(Sim)8(ilar argum)8(e)-1(nts have been advanced re)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0372 Tw 16.89 0 Td [(cently by Holm)8(str\366m)8( and Robe)-6(rts \(1998\) in )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0945 Tw -16.89 -1.15 Td (a paper that re-visits the classic questions)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0934 Tw 17.135 0 Td [( in the econom)8(ics of )]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.0938 Tw 8.825 0 Td (organizations of why )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.3046 Tw -25.96 -1.15 Td [(firm)8(s exist, and what determ)8(ines their scope. If, as Coa)-6(se \(1937\) argued, firm )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0432 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (boundaries and integration can )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0438 Tw 12.73 0 Td [(be explained by efficiency considerations, Holm)8(str\366m )]TJ 0.0848 Tw -12.73 -1.15 Td [(and Roberts ask why so m)8(uch econom)8(i)-2(c activ)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.0853 Tw 18.89 0 Td (ity takes place outside)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0826 Tw 9.11 0 Td [( the um)9(brella of )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2448 Tw -28 -1.15 Td [(the organization? W)9(hile noting the lack )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2424 Tw 17.515 0 Td (of solid theoretical)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.2436 Tw 7.985 0 Td ( foundations, and the )Tj 0 Tc 0.01 Tw -25.5 -1.15 Td [(anecdotal n)5(a)4(ture of the evidence,)5( Holm)8(str\366)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0094 Tw 17.25 0 Td [(m)8( and Roberts suggest that a much broader)-7( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0645 Tw -17.25 -1.15 Td [(view of the firm)8( and the)-6( determ)8(ination of )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0631 Tw 17.295 0 Td (its boundaries is needed than is offered by )Tj 0.0997 Tw -17.295 -1.15 Td [(transaction cost econom)8(i)-2(cs and pr)-7(operty rights theory.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 357.6 460.8803 Tm (8)Tj 0.0012 Tc 0.0996 Tw 12 0 0 12 361.62 455.3603 Tm [( The theory of the firm)9(, they )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.039 Tw -22.635 -1.15 Td [(argue, has becom)8(e)-1( too narrowly focused on th)]TJ 0 Tc 0.0392 Tw 18.71 0 Td [(e hold-up problem)8( and the role of asset )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.584 Tw -18.71 -1.15 Td [(specif)4(i)-1(c)5(ity.)6( Citing a trend the)5(y)1( discer)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.5829 Tw 17.715 0 Td (n towards disintegration, outsourcing, )Tj -0.0005 Tc 0.1996 Tw -17.715 -1.15 Td [(contracting out, and dealing through the m)7(a)-2(rk)]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.1979 Tw 19.485 0 Td [(et r)4(athe)5(r)-1( tha)5(n)1( integra)5(tio)6(n within)6( th)6(e )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0497 Tw -19.485 -1.145 Td [(firm)8(, they argue that firm)8(s have to deal wi)]TJ 17.25 0 Td [(th a rich variety of problem)8(s. Only a sm)8(all )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1875 Tw -17.25 -1.15 Td (part of the organizational change taking )Tj 0 Tc 0.19 Tw 17.305 0 Td (place today, they suggest, can be readily )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0797 Tw -17.305 -1.15 Td [(understood in term)8(s of traditional transact)]TJ 0.078 Tw 17.14 0 Td (ion cost theory in )Tj 0.0796 Tw 7.535 0 Td [(which hold-up problem)8(s )]TJ 0.0447 Tw -24.675 -1.15 Td (are resolved by integration. Many of the hybr)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0445 Tw 18.49 0 Td [(id organizations that are em)8(erging, they )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0699 Tw -18.49 -1.15 Td (argue, are characterized by high degrees of )Tj 0 Tc 0.07 Tw 17.925 0 Td (uncertainty, frequency )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0699 Tw 9.385 0 Td [(of transaction an)5(d )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1421 Tw -27.31 -1.15 Td (asset specificity, yet they do )Tj 12.275 0 Td (not result in integration. Inde)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1428 Tw 12.21 0 Td [(ed, they suggest, m)8(u)1(tual )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2286 Tw -24.485 -1.15 Td [(dependency seem)8(s to support rather than)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2284 Tw 17.445 0 Td ( hinder ongoing coope)Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.2304 Tw 9.655 0 Td (ration across firm )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1445 Tw -27.1 -1.15 Td [(boundaries. This parallels the argu)6(m)8(e)-1(nts m)8(a)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1449 Tw 18.385 0 Td [(de)-6( by accounting research)5(ers, that new )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1098 Tw -18.385 -1.15 Td [(hybrid practices are em)8(erging as ways of )]TJ 0.1085 Tw 17.405 0 Td [(m)8(a)-1(king m)8(a)-1(nagea)-6(ble and calculable lateral )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0552 Tw -17.405 -1.15 Td (and cross-organizational relationships that)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0522 Tw 17.075 0 Td ( cannot be readily unde)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0526 Tw 9.545 0 Td (rstood and captured )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.149 Tw -26.62 -1.15 Td [(by existing modes of a)-6(ccounting. While Ho)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.1491 Tw 18.32 0 Td [(lm)9(str\366m)9( and Roberts do not advance a )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0797 Tw -18.32 -1.15 Td (specific or singular explanation for the phenom)Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.0792 Tw 19.42 0 Td [(e)-5(n)1(a they identify, it is)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0794 Tw 9.03 0 Td ( clear that they )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0901 Tw -28.45 -1.15 Td (regard organizational knowle)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0897 Tw 11.895 0 Td [(dge and inform)8(ation transfer)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0889 Tw 11.68 0 Td [( as key. Leading econom)8(i)-2(c )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0987 Tw -23.575 -1.15 Td [(theories of firm)8( boundaries have, they argue, )]TJ 0.0989 Tw 18.89 0 Td [(paid alm)8(ost no attention to the role of )]TJ 0 Tc 0.1 Tw -18.89 -1.15 Td [(organizational knowledge. Moreover, infor)-7(m)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0995 Tw 18.32 0 Td (ation and knowledge are at the heart of )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -18.32 -1.43 Td ( )Tj ET 90 192.38 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 189.8603 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 182.4203 Tm (7)Tj -0.0018 Tc 0.0033 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 177.9203 Tm [( )6(W)-10(illia)-7(m)10(s)-2(o)-5(n)-5( somewh)-5(at und)-5(ercu)-5(t th)-5(is )6(ob)-5(serv)-5(at)7(io)-5(n)-5( )6(b)-5(y)1( ad)-5(d)-5(i)7(n)-5(g)1( th)-5(at \221t)7(h)-5(e)-1( tails of th)-5(e )6(d)-5(i)1(stribu)-5(tion)-5( are th)-5(ick)-5(\222)-4( )]TJ -0.0019 Tc 0.0034 Tw -0.323 -1.15 Td [(\(W)-10(illia)-7(m)10(s)-2(o)-5(n)-5(,)3( 19)-5(85)-5(: )6(8)-5(4)1(\). )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 159.4403 Tm (8)Tj -0.0015 Tc 0.003 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 154.9403 Tm [( )6(W)-10(illia)-7(m)10(s)-2(o)-4(n)-4( )6(\(20)-4(02\) respon)-4(d)-4(s)4( )6(to)-4( Ho)-4(lm)10(str\366)-10(m)10( an)-4(d Rob)-4(e)-1(rts \(19)-4(98\). )6(He end)-4(o)2(rses th)-4(e )6(g)-4(e)5(n)-4(e)-1(ral )6(argu)-4(m)10(e)-1(n)-4(t)1(s )]TJ 0.0013 Tc 0.0002 Tw -0.323 -1.15 Td [(t)4(h)-2(ey)4( ad)4(vanc)8(e f)5(o)-2(r)5( t)4(a)2(ki)4(n)4(g)-2( a)8( b)4(r)-1(o)4(a)2(der)5( vi)4(e)8(w)-1( )6(of t)10(h)4(e fi)4(rm)13( and t)10(h)-2(e )6(det)4(e)2(rm)13(i)4(n)-2(at)4(i)4(on )6(of)5( i)4(t)4(s)1( b)4(o)-2(u)4(n)4(d)-2(ari)10(e)2(s. H)5(e)2( al)4(so)4( )]TJ 0 -1.15 TD [(sup)4(p)4(o)-2(rt)4(s t)10(h)-2(ei)4(r )6(pl)4(ea f)5(o)-2(r)5( av)4(oi)4(di)10(ng)4( a )6(nar)5(r)-1(o)4(w)-1( )6(f)5(o)4(cus )6(o)4(n)-2( t)4(h)-2(e)8( h)4(o)-2(l)4(d)4(-u)4(p )6(pr)5(o)4(b)-2(l)4(e)2(m)13( and t)4(h)-2(e)8( r)5(o)-2(l)4(e)2( )6(of a)8(s)7(set)4( speci)4(fi)4(ci)4(t)4(y)4(, )]TJ 0.0015 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.144 TD [(whi)4(l)4(e)2( )6(defe)8(n)5(d)-1(i)4(n)5(g asset)4( )6(speci)4(fi)4(c)8(i)4(t)4(y)5( as an )6(ope)8(rat)10(i)4(onal)4( c)8(onc)]TJ -0.0019 Tc 0.0034 Tw 22.198 0 Td [(ep)-5(t t)7(h)-5(at \221serv)-5(e)-1(s to breath)-5(e)-1( con)-5(t)1(en)-5(t )6(in)-5(to)-5( th)-5(e id)-5(ea )]TJ -0.0013 Tc 0.0028 Tw -22.198 -1.15 Td [(o)-4(f)2( transactio)-4(n)-4(a)5(l \221co)-4(m)10(p)-4(l)1(ex)-4(ity\222 )6(\(W)-9(illia)-7(m)10(s)-1(o)-4(n)-4(,)3( 20)-4(02)-4(: )6(1)-4(89\). )6(Ou)-4(r in)-4(terest in th)-4(ese d)-4(e)5(b)-4(a)-1(tes is i)7(n)-4( )6(term)10(s o)-4(f)-4( th)-4(eir )]TJ 0.0015 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(gene)8(ral)4( e)8(n)-1(d)5(o)-1(r)5(s)7(em)13(ent)4( of)5( t)4(h)-1(e i)10(m)13(port)4(a)2(nce )6(of )6(e)8(x)-1(am)13(i)4(n)-1(i)4(ng a)8(n)-1(d)5( )6(conce)8(p)-1(t)4(u)-1(al)4(i)4(z)2(i)4(n)5(g )6(or)5(ga)8(ni)4(zat)4(i)4(o)-1(n)5(a)2(l)4( fo)5(rm)13(s t)4(h)-1(at)4( ar)5(e )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.0018 Tw 0 -1.144 TD [(neither classical )-6(m)11(arkets or )6(hi)8(erarc)6(h)-3(ies, )6(rathe)6(r)-3( th)]TJ -0.0017 Tc 0.0032 Tw 19.377 0 Td [(an)-5( i)7(n)-5( term)10(s o)-5(f)2( th)-5(e ex)-5(ten)-5(t)1( t)7(o)1( wh)-5(ich)-5( eith)-5(er )6(party )]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.0019 Tw -19.377 -1.15 Td [(adequately cha)6(r)-3(acterizes )6(or addres)]TJ -0.002 Tc 0.0035 Tw 13.725 0 Td [(ses th)-5(e attrib)-5(u)-5(tes )6(o)-5(f)2( \221h)-5(ybrid)-5(s\222. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 740 0 obj<> endobj 742 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1443 Tw -16.765 60.045 Td [(organization)6(al design, b)6(ecause they)6( lead)6( to)6( con)6(t)-1(ractual and)6( incen)6(tiv)6(e p)6(r)-1(oblem)9(s that)9( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(challenge both m)8(a)-1(rkets and firm)8(s. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0597 Tw T* (More recently, Roberts \(2004\) has argued in )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0583 Tw 18.425 0 Td [(sim)9(ilar term)9(s, describing the changes in )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.2888 Tw -18.425 -1.15 Td [(the org)6(anization of th)6(e firm)9( during the pas)5(t)4( two decad)6(es as com)9(p)1(arable to th)6(e )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1335 Tw T* [(invention of the M-form)8( stru)]TJ 0.0014 Tc 0.1326 Tw 12.03 0 Td [(cture)5( early)6( in)6( the)5( las)6(t)-1( c)5(ent)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.1353 Tw 10.97 0 Td (ury. The refocusing on core )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0648 Tw -23 -1.15 Td (businesses and the outsourcing of)Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0657 Tw 13.705 0 Td [( many activ)6(itie)5(s previous)5(ly)6( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0644 Tw 11.315 0 Td (regarded as central has, )Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.1232 Tw -25.02 -1.15 Td [(Roberts arg)6(u)1(es, led to a shif)4(t in th)6(e nature)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1239 Tw 17.705 0 Td [( of relationships between firm)8(s and their )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.2141 Tw -17.705 -1.15 Td [(custom)9(ers and supplie)5(rs)5(, with sim)9(p)1(le arm)9(s len)6(g)1(th re)5(lation)6(ships be)5(ing)6( repla)5(ced b)6(y)-4( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0394 Tw T* [(long-term)8( partnerships. Layers of managem)8(e)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0395 Tw 18.13 0 Td [(nt have been elim)8(inated, functional units )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1638 Tw -18.13 -1.15 Td (have been dispersed to business units, )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1632 Tw 16.405 0 Td (and the authority and )Tj 0 Tc 0.165 Tw 9.375 0 Td (accountability of line )Tj 0.18 Tw -25.78 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nagers has been increased. To facilitate)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.1786 Tw 17.825 0 Td ( coordination and lear)Tj 0.1803 Tw 9.28 0 Td (ning in this novel )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1298 Tw -27.105 -1.15 Td [(organizational form)8(, Roberts argues, firm)8(s ha)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 18.83 0 Td [(ve experim)8(e)-1(nted with ways of linking )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.7697 Tw -18.83 -1.15 Td (people through horizontal rather than)Tj 0.768 Tw 17.97 0 Td ( hierarchical communication. These )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1948 Tw -17.97 -1.15 Td (organizational innovations, he suggests, )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1949 Tw 17.005 0 Td (are ongoing and offer the opportunity for )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.2656 Tw -17.005 -1.15 Td [(im)8(proved econom)8(ic pe)-6(rform)8(a)-1(nce. They a)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.2647 Tw 17.585 0 Td (lter the way work is done, and change )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0017 Tw -17.585 -1.15 Td [(people\222s lives in fundam)8(e)-1(ntal ways. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1497 Tw T* (Legal theorists who have addressed the na)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1495 Tw 17.795 0 Td [(ture of the fir)-6(m)3( and its boundaries have )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.044 Tw -17.795 -1.15 Td [(confronted a sim)9(ilar set of issues, albeit in)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0446 Tw 17.225 0 Td [( a distinctive m)8(a)-1(nner. Not surprisingly, the )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1944 Tw -17.225 -1.15 Td (issue of responsibility is a central preo)Tj 16.575 0 Td [(ccupation in the legal dom)8(ain. For Collins)5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1336 Tw -16.575 -1.15 Td [(\(1990\), th)6(e m)8(a)-1(in issue is the principle )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1346 Tw 16.27 0 Td [(of grou)5(p respons)5(ibility und)5(er comm)8(on law.)]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 501.3 474.6803 Tm (9)Tj 12 0 0 12 505.3199 469.1603 Tm ( )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0086 Tw -34.61 -1.15 Td [(This entails the recogn)6(ition of a legal person )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0095 Tw 18.14 0 Td (or entity as a representative of the group, )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.0227 Tw -18.14 -1.15 Td [(with th)6(e gro)6(up in turn)6( b)6(eing he)5(ld lia)5(ble po)6(te)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0231 Tw 17.795 0 Td [(ntially f)4(o)1(r the a)4(c)4(t)-2(s of)4( its m)8(e)-1(mbers. This)5( is )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.134 Tw -17.795 -1.15 Td [(curren)6(tly po)6(ssible)5( where)5( the produ)6(ctive re)5(la)5(ti)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1346 Tw 18.81 0 Td [(ons)5( are con)5(t)-2(ro)5(lled and directed within)5( )]TJ 0.0924 Tw -18.81 -1.15 Td [(one capital unit, that is to say a firm)8( in )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0949 Tw 16.57 0 Td [(the legal form)8( of a)-6( partnership or com)8(pany. )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.037 Tw -16.57 -1.145 Td [(Collins argu)6(es that this)5( principle of colle)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0387 Tw 16.505 0 Td [(ctiv)5(e responsibility should be extended m)8(ore )]TJ 0.0587 Tw -16.505 -1.15 Td (widely, to take account of group responsibility)Tj 0.0596 Tw 19.005 0 Td [( across different capital units or firm)8(s. )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0118 Tw -19.005 -1.15 Td [(Collins ref)4(er)4(s here to what he term)9(s \221com)9(plex)]TJ 0.0131 Tw 18.4 0 Td [( econom)9(i)-1(c organ)6(i)-1(sations\222, th)6(at is)5( a se)5(t of)4( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0184 Tw -18.4 -1.15 Td [(econom)9(ic organizations)5( that do no)6(t constitu)6(te a )]TJ 0.0179 Tw 19.27 0 Td [(s)5(i)3(ngle firm)8( or a sing)6(le legal entity,)6( yet )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.3034 Tw -19.27 -1.15 Td [(none the less are integrated and m)9(ay be )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 18.44 0 Td (treated as comprising a single set of )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1387 Tw -18.44 -1.15 Td [(productive relations. Fo)5(r ins)5(t)-2(ance, Collins ar)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1395 Tw 18.505 0 Td [(gu)6(es that for the purposes)5( of ascrib)6(in)6(g )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.2947 Tw -18.505 -1.15 Td [(legal r)4(espo)6(n)1(sibility on)6(e m)9(i)-1(ght tre)5(at a se)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2945 Tw 17.5 0 Td [(t of subcontractors \(for exam)8(ple in the)-6( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.01 Tw -17.5 -1.15 Td [(construction industry, or car m)8(a)-1(nufa)-6(c)-1(turing\) )]TJ 17.995 0 Td (as a united group. Responsibility here, he )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.4384 Tw -17.995 -1.15 Td [(argues, should be viewed as a m)8(a)-1(tte)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.4397 Tw 16.98 0 Td (r of group rather th)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.4402 Tw 9.37 0 Td (an purely personal )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2651 Tw -26.35 -1.15 Td [(responsibility. W)9(hile acknowledging the diffi)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 19.24 0 Td [(culties of re-conceptualizing general)-7( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0192 Tw -19.24 -1.15 Td [(princ)5(i)-1(ples of)9( legal r)4(espo)6(n)1(sibility, Co)6(llins a)5(r)]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.018 Tw 17.435 0 Td [(gues f)4(o)1(r the im)9(portanc)5(e of)4( f)4(i)-1(nding ways to )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1022 Tw -17.435 -1.15 Td (identify integrated, yet legally separate, )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1031 Tw 16.6 0 Td (economic units for the )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1019 Tw 9.635 0 Td (purpose of attaching )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2085 Tw -26.235 -1.15 Td (obligations. Teubner and Hutter \(Teubner,)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.2082 Tw 17.78 0 Td ( 1993; Hutter and )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2101 Tw 8.11 0 Td (Teubner, 1993\) have )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1685 Tw -25.89 -1.15 Td [(argued in sim)8(ilar term)8(s, although couched m)8(o)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1698 Tw 19.365 0 Td [(r)-7(e)-1( in the language )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1667 Tw 8.075 0 Td [(of social system)9(s )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.1903 Tw -27.44 -1.15 Td [(theory. They start from the prem)8(ise that )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1901 Tw 17.48 0 Td [(hybrids are fundam)8(e)-1(ntally different from )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.2197 Tw -17.48 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(rket contract and hierarchical organi)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.218 Tw 16.6 0 Td [(zation, by virtue of)9( th)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.217 Tw 9.515 0 Td (eir coordination and )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0297 Tw -26.115 -1.15 Td [(contro)5(l m)8(echanism)8(s. They are referring here )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.0272 Tw 18.19 0 Td [(to just-in)6(-)-1(tim)9(e organiz)5(ation)6(s, f)4(r)-1(anchis)5(ing )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2405 Tw -18.19 -1.15 Td [(system)8(s, money transf)9(er networks and othe)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2389 Tw 18.48 0 Td (r networks in such sectors as energy, )Tj 0.2198 Tw -18.48 -1.15 Td [(transportation and telecomm)8(unications. These )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.2197 Tw 19.565 0 Td [(concerns on the part of som)8(e)-1( legal)-7( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1198 Tw -19.565 -1.15 Td (theorists echo those of accounting researchers )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1199 Tw 19.33 0 Td (and practitioners. For )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1196 Tw 9.19 0 Td (in so far as all )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -28.52 -3.345 Td ( )Tj ET 90 100.4 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 97.8803 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 90.4403 Tm (9)Tj -0.0016 Tc 0.0031 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 93.24 85.9403 Tm [( See also)-5( C)7(o)-5(llin)-5(s )6(\(200)-5(6\) )6(on)-5( the leg)-5(a)-1(l im)10(p)-5(lica)-7(tio)-5(n)-5(s)]TJ -0.0021 Tc 0.0036 Tw 19.934 0 Td [( )6(o)-5(f)2( th)-5(e )6(n)-5(e)-1(t)6(w)-4(ork arch)-5(itectu)-5(r)-4(e of sup)-5(p)-5(ly ch)-5(ain)-5(s)4(. )6(See )]TJ 0.0016 Tc -0.0001 Tw -20.257 -1.15 Td [(al)4(so B)4(u)5(x)5(b)-1(aum)13( \(1)5(9)5(9)-1(3)5(\))-1( )6(wh)5(o a)8(r)5(gue)8(s )6(pi)4(t)4(h)-1(i)4(l)4(y)5( an)5(d )6(no)5(rm)13(at)4(i)4(v)-1(el)4(y)5( that)4( net)10(w)-1(o)5(r)5(k i)4(s)2( )6(not)4( a)8( l)4(e)2(gal)4( c)8(o)5(n)5(cept)4(. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 744 0 obj<> endobj 746 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.3249 Tw -16.765 60.045 Td [(legal en)6(tity)6( com)9(p)1(anies m)9(u)1(st prepare a)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.3234 Tw 16.765 0 Td [(nnual accounts, th)6(e legal en)6(tity principle )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0017 Tw -16.765 -1.15 Td (strongly reinforces the accoun)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw 12.075 0 Td (ting preoccupation with the bou)Tj 0.0001 Tc 12.715 0 Td [(nded nature of the firm)8(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -24.79 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1197 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(Whereas accountants, econom)8(ists and lawyers )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1184 Tw 19.37 0 Td [(are relative newcom)8(ers to the debate)-5( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1008 Tw -19.37 -1.15 Td [(about hybrids, m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt and or)-7(ganization re)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0999 Tw 19.56 0 Td (searchers, together with sociologists, )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.2702 Tw -19.56 -1.15 Td (have long recognized and st)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2662 Tw 12.24 0 Td [(udied em)8(pirically the wide )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.2703 Tw 12.01 0 Td (variety of organizational )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2295 Tw -24.25 -1.15 Td [(arrang)6(em)8(ents that structure and facilitate econ)6(o)-4(m)8(i)-2(c life.)]TJ 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 374.04 681.6803 Tm (10)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2283 Tw 12 0 0 12 382.08 676.1603 Tm [( Over two d)5(ecades ago,)5( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0793 Tw -24.34 -1.15 Td [(Ouchi \(1979\) considered the m)9(echanism)9(s )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0796 Tw 17.26 0 Td [(through which organizations are m)8(a)-1(naged, )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0272 Tw -17.26 -1.15 Td [(and used the)5( labe)5(l \221)4(clan)6(\222)-1( to des)5(i)-1(gnate the in)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0295 Tw 17.56 0 Td [(form)8(al social s)5(t)-2(ructures and)6( pro)6(cesses)5( that )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.5534 Tw -17.56 -1.15 Td [(characterize som)8(e)-1( organizations. A)]TJ 0 Tc 0.553 Tw 15.705 0 Td (lthough Ouchi\222s concern was with intra-)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.2084 Tw -15.705 -1.15 Td [(organizational control m)8(echanis)-5(m)8(s)-5(, his work)]TJ -0.0008 Tc 0.2095 Tw 18.805 0 Td ( none the less direct)Tj 0.2091 Tw 8.77 0 Td (ed attention to a )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1688 Tw -27.575 -1.15 Td (mode of control that did not )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.1684 Tw 12.46 0 Td [(re)5(adily f)4(it into)6( th)6(e trad)6(itional binary clas)5(sif)4(i)-1(cation of)9( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0493 Tw -12.46 -1.15 Td [(m)9(arkets and hierarchies.)6( Rather than)6( view th)]TJ 0.0499 Tw 18.16 0 Td [(e clan m)9(ode of contro)6(l as an anom)9(aly or )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1237 Tw -18.16 -1.15 Td [(epiphenom)8(enon, he argued that it should be re)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1239 Tw 19.37 0 Td (garded as a subject of analysis in its )Tj -0.0004 Tw -19.37 -1.15 Td (own right. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0097 Tw T* [(In the 1980s, a num)8(b)1(er of writers on m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( took these argum)8(ents a s)-5(t)-2(ep further, )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.3248 Tw T* (and pointed to the changing nature of )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.3247 Tw 17.47 0 Td (industrial economies and the increasing )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0032 Tw -17.47 -1.15 Td [(im)8(portance of cooperative organizational form)]TJ 0 Tc 0.005 Tw 18.665 0 Td (s that do not fit the )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0045 Tw 7.8 0 Td (traditional antinomy )Tj 0.0805 Tw -26.465 -1.15 Td [(of m)8(a)-1(rkets and hierarchies. Factors s)5(u)1(ch )]TJ 0.0795 Tw 16.845 0 Td [(as the increas)5(ing globa)]TJ 0.0014 Tc 0.0769 Tw 9.38 0 Td [(liz)5(ation of)4( the world )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0497 Tw -26.225 -1.15 Td [(econom)8(y, shorter product life-cycles, the em)8(er)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0515 Tw 18.88 0 Td (gence of new hi-tec)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0501 Tw 8.015 0 Td (hnology industries, )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0297 Tw -26.895 -1.15 Td [(the increasing custom)8(ization of dem)8(a)-6(nd, the )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0286 Tw 18.09 0 Td [(em)8(ergence of flexible specialization, and )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.4491 Tw -18.09 -1.15 Td [(changing com)9(p)1(etitiv)6(e conditions all help)6(ed create unprecedented dem)9(ands on )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2631 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(trad)6(ition)6(a)-1(l modes of organizing p)6(r)-1(oduction. )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2635 Tw 18.985 0 Td [(The \221quasi-firm)8(\222 was identified as)5( a)-6( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0799 Tw -18.985 -1.15 Td (distinctive governance )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0801 Tw 9.435 0 Td (structure in the par)Tj -0.0005 Tc 0.0788 Tw 7.76 0 Td (ticular context of th)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0802 Tw 8.09 0 Td (e construction industry )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1484 Tw -25.285 -1.15 Td (\(Eccles, 1981\). This referred to)Tj 0.1489 Tw 13.095 0 Td [( an organizational form)8( wit)-7(h characteristics of both )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1194 Tw -13.095 -1.145 Td [(m)8(a)-1(rkets and hierarchies, based on \221relationa)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1197 Tw 18.22 0 Td (l contracting\222 in which both parties can )Tj 0.0012 Tc 0.2328 Tw -18.22 -1.15 Td [(benef)4(it f)4(r)-1(o)6(m)9( the som)9(e)-5(what idio)6(sy)6(ncratic i)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2346 Tw 17.86 0 Td [(nvestm)8(e)-1(nt of learning)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.2324 Tw 9.185 0 Td [( to work togeth)6(er )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1546 Tw -27.045 -1.15 Td (\(Eccles, 1981: 340\).)Tj 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 190.44 378.1403 Tm (11)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1543 Tw 12 0 0 12 198.48 372.6203 Tm [( In the very different context of academ)9(ic publishing, hybrid)6( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1295 Tw -9.04 -1.15 Td [(for)-6(m)8(s of organization based on a dense netw)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1298 Tw 18.775 0 Td (ork of personal ties were identified as )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0451 Tw -18.775 -1.15 Td (critical to the fortunes of pub)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0436 Tw 11.855 0 Td (lishers \(Coser et al., 1982; )Tj 0 Tc 0.045 Tw 10.97 0 Td (Powell, 1985\). In the context )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1143 Tw -22.825 -1.15 Td [(of tradition)6(a)5(l \221craft prod)6(uction)6(\222)-1( in the Ge)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1152 Tw 17.135 0 Td [(rm)9(an textile indus)5(try, a produ)6(ction sys)5(t)-1(em )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0497 Tw -17.135 -1.15 Td [(was observed and analysed that linked s)-5(m)8(all )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.0499 Tw 18.38 0 Td [(and m)9(edium)9(-sized firm)9(s in an extensive )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1104 Tw -18.38 -1.15 Td [(subcontracting system)8(. W)9(ithin it, key tec)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1082 Tw 16.915 0 Td (hnologies were developed in collaboration, )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2951 Tw -16.915 -1.15 Td (and in conjunction with overlapping inter-in)Tj -0.0002 Tc 19.16 0 Td (dustry supplier networks \(Piore and )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0298 Tw -19.16 -1.15 Td (Sabel, 1984\). And, in the context of the comme)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0285 Tw 19.215 0 Td [(rcial aircraft industry, as well as in oil)-6( )]TJ 0.9043 Tw -19.215 -1.15 Td [(extraction,)6( chem)9(ical and pharm)9(aceutical)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.9061 Tw 18.875 0 Td [( research,)6( m)8(i)-2(croele)4(ctronics, tele-)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2615 Tw -18.875 -1.15 Td [(communications, and biotechnology, m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2594 Tw 20.13 0 Td [(nt researchers prov)6(ided increasing )]TJ 0.1044 Tw -20.13 -1.15 Td [(evidence of modes of organizing econom)8(i)-2(c act)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1049 Tw 19.305 0 Td [(ivity that did not fit the conventional)-7( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0004 Tw -19.305 -1.15 Td [(catego)6(r)-1(ies o)6(f)4( m)9(arkets an)6(d hierarchies.)]TJ 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 271.56 226.3403 Tm (12)Tj 0 Tc 12 0 0 12 279.6 220.8203 Tm ( )Tj -15.8 -1.15 Td ( )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.4702 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (By the late 1980s, a substantial body of)Tj 0 Tc 0.4716 Tw 19.06 0 Td ( research on hybr)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.4697 Tw 8.33 0 Td (id organizational )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0045 Tw -27.39 -1.15 Td [(arrangem)8(ents already existed )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.004 Tw 11.92 0 Td [(in the m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( literature. Powell \(1987\) reflected on )]TJ 0.0998 Tw -11.92 -1.15 Td (this literature, asking whether hybrid orga)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.101 Tw 17.28 0 Td [(nizational form)8(s)-5( are a )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0998 Tw 9.35 0 Td (new and distinctive )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1685 Tw -26.63 -1.15 Td [(feature of the socio-econom)8(i)-2(c lan)6(d)1(scape, o)6(r)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1671 Tw 18.28 0 Td [( whether they are sim)8(ply a trans)5(i)-2(tio)5(nal )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -18.28 -1.62 Td ( )Tj ET 90 134.9 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 132.3803 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 124.9403 Tm (10)Tj 0.0013 Tc 0.0002 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 120.4403 Tm [( C)4(l)4(assi)4(fi)4(cat)4(i)4(on )6(by)4( di)4(sci)10(p)-2(l)4(i)4(n)-2(e i)4(s)7( al)4(way)4(s)1( )6(pr)5(obl)4(e)8(m)7(at)4(i)4(c)2(, )]TJ -0.001 Tc 0.0025 Tw 20.563 0 Td [(an)-4(d)-4( )6(p)-4(art)7(icu)-4(l)1(arly in)-4( th)-4(is )6(in)-4(stan)-4(ce. The )6(work of )]TJ -0.0016 Tc 0.0031 Tw -21.21 -1.15 Td [(Oliv)-5(er )6(W)-10(illia)-7(mso)-5(n)1(, )6(for ex)-5(am)10(p)-5(l)1(e, draws on)-5( and)-5( co)-5(n)-5(t)7(ri)]TJ -0.0017 Tc 21.15 0 Td [(bu)-5(tes t)7(o)-5( eco)-5(n)1(o)-5(m)10(ics, org)-5(a)5(n)-5(i)1(zatio)-5(n th)-5(eo)-5(ry and)-5( law. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 101.9003 Tm (11)Tj -0.0016 Tc 0.0031 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 97.4003 Tm [( In)-5( th)-5(is con)-5(t)1(ex)-5(t)7(,)-3( \221so)-5(m)10(ewh)-5(a)-1(t idio)-5(syn)-5(c)-1(ratic\222 is )6(d)-5(i)1(stin)-5(gu)-5(ish)-5(e)5(d)-5(,)3( )6(fo)-5(llowing)-5( )6(Willia)-7(m)10(s)-2(o)-5(n)-5(,)-3( )6(fro)-5(m)10( \221h)-5(igh)-5(l)1(y )]TJ -0.647 -1.144 Td [(id)-5(io)-5(syn)-5(c)5(ratic\222, )6(with)-5( th)-5(e latter lik)-5(ely to)-5( lead to fu)-5(ll in)-5(teg)-5(r)2(ation)-5(.)-3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 78.9203 Tm (12)Tj -0.0012 Tc 0.0027 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 74.4203 Tm [( See Powell \(19)-4(87\) for an)-4( )6(o)-4(v)-4(e)6(rv)-4(iew )6(o)-4(f)-3( )6(so)-4(m)10(e o)-4(f)3( th)-4(ese )6(stud)-4(ies. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 748 0 obj<> endobj 750 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0241 Tw -16.765 60.045 Td [(developm)9(ent. He argued)6( that analytical concep)6(ts)5( such as m)9(ar)-6(k)1(ets and hierarch)6(ies m)9(ay )]TJ 0 Tc 0.248 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (provide us with distorted lenses thr)Tj 0.2491 Tw 15.265 0 Td [(ough which to analyse econom)8(ic change. By )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0283 Tw -15.265 -1.15 Td [(viewing eco)6(nom)9(i)-1(c organ)6(i)-1(zation as)5( a choice b)6(e)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0273 Tw 18.615 0 Td [(tw)8(een m)9(arkets and c)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0299 Tw 8.275 0 Td (ontractual relations )Tj 0 Tc 0.1142 Tw -26.89 -1.15 Td (on the one hand, and conscious planning within)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1136 Tw 19.855 0 Td [( a firm)8( on the other, Powell argue)-6(d)-4( )]TJ 0.103 Tw -19.855 -1.15 Td (that we fail to see the rich variety that )Tj 0.1044 Tw 16.31 0 Td [(form)8(s of cooperative arrangem)8(e)-1(nts can take. )110( )]TJ 0.2744 Tw -16.31 -1.15 Td [(He spoke of a \221stam)8(p)1(e)-6(d)1(e\222 into various )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2752 Tw 17.405 0 Td (alliance-type combinations, linking large )Tj 0.0012 Tc 0.1038 Tw -17.405 -1.15 Td [(genera)5(lis)5(t f)4(i)-1(rm)9(s and specialized en)6(tr)4(eprene)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1047 Tw 17.535 0 Td [(urial start-ups. B)7(orys and Jem)8(i)-2(son \(1989\) )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.0979 Tw -17.535 -1.15 Td [(addressed)6( th)6(e spec)5(if)4(ic is)5(sue of)4( strate)5(gic )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1002 Tw 16.59 0 Td (alliances, defining hybr)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.0978 Tw 9.61 0 Td (ids as organizational )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1882 Tw -26.2 -1.15 Td [(arrangem)8(ents that use resources and/or )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1902 Tw 16.75 0 Td (governance structures fr)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.1917 Tw 10.04 0 Td [(om)8( more than one)-6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.3583 Tw -26.79 -1.15 Td (existing organization. According to this)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.3594 Tw 17.305 0 Td [( view)8(, hybrids are still the product of )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0371 Tw -17.305 -1.15 Td (sovereign organizations, yet )Tj 0 Tc 0.04 Tw 11.62 0 Td [(they allow individual fir)-7(m)8(s to draw upon the capabilities )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.411 Tw -11.62 -1.15 Td [(of m)8(ultiple,)5( independent organization, wh)]TJ 0.0013 Tc 0.4087 Tw 18.415 0 Td [(eth)6(er via m)9(ergers, acqu)6(i)4(sition)6(s)1(, join)6(t )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.3182 Tw -18.415 -1.15 Td [(ventures, license agreem)8(ents or supplie)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.3209 Tw 16.97 0 Td [(r arrangem)8(e)-1(nts. Granovetter \(1985\) went )]TJ 0.0767 Tw -16.97 -1.15 Td (further, and suggested a more general )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0773 Tw 15.775 0 Td [(argum)8(ent concerning econom)8(ic behaviour. He)-6( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.3633 Tw -15.775 -1.15 Td [(argued th)6(at all econo)6(m)9(i)-1(c behaviour, whet)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.3635 Tw 18.375 0 Td (her it takes place wi)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.3643 Tw 9.45 0 Td [(thin m)9(arkets or )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.3546 Tw -27.825 -1.15 Td [(hierarchies, is \221em)8(bedded\222 in interper)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.3524 Tw 16.39 0 Td (sonal and social networks. Extensive and )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2348 Tw -16.39 -1.15 Td (sustained subcontracting relationships base)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.2349 Tw 17.965 0 Td (d on interpersonal relations and shared )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0544 Tw -17.965 -1.15 Td [(norm)8(s, according to such a diagnosis, are not)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0529 Tw 18.425 0 Td [( empirically interm)8(ediate organization)5(a)-1(l )]TJ 0 Tc 0.0737 Tw -18.425 -1.15 Td [(for)-7(m)8(s but indicative of the )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0748 Tw 11.225 0 Td [(fundam)8(e)-6(ntal \221em)8(beddedness\222 of)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0728 Tw 12.97 0 Td [( econom)8(ic transactions in )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -24.195 -1.15 Td (social life \(Granovetter, 1985\).)Tj 0.0038 Tc 7.98 0 0 7.98 238.32 502.2803 Tm (13)Tj 0 Tc 12 0 0 12 246.36 496.7603 Tm ( )Tj -13.03 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2095 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(In the 1990s, the m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt and orga)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.2104 Tw 17.005 0 Td (nizational literature)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.2102 Tw 8.005 0 Td ( on hybrids burgeoned )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.2997 Tw -25.01 -1.15 Td [(theoretically)5( and em)8(pirically. There wa)]TJ 16.94 0 Td [(s increasing em)8(phasis on networks, wit)-7(h )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0687 Tw -16.94 -1.15 Td [(Powell \(199)6(0\) arguing n)6(o)1(w that the term)9( hybrid was an inap)6(propriate an)6(d inaccu)6(rate)10( )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.5202 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (way of characterizing the diverse form)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.518 Tw 18.05 0 Td [(s of)4( collabo)6(r)4(ation)6( tha)5(t)-1( have ex)6(iste)5(d )]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0 Tw -18.05 -1.15 Td [(histor)4(ica)5(lly.)]TJ 0.0038 Tc 7.98 0 0 7.98 147 419.4803 Tm (14)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0284 Tw 12 0 0 12 155.04 413.9603 Tm [( Rather than)6( presum)9(ing m)9(arkets as )]TJ -0.0006 Tc 0.0306 Tw 14.56 0 Td (the starting point, and viewing other )Tj -0.0005 Tc 0.2255 Tw -19.98 -1.145 Td [(for)-7(m)7(s of exchange as arrayed on a conti)]TJ 17.53 0 Td (nuum with hierarchies )Tj 0.2238 Tw 9.86 0 Td (as the end point, )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.2849 Tw -27.39 -1.15 Td (Powell called for attention to be directed )Tj 0.2836 Tw 18.515 0 Td (at networks as a di)Tj 0.0015 Tc 0.2835 Tw 8.58 0 Td [(s)6(tinc)5(tive m)9(ode of )]TJ 0 Tc 0.055 Tw -27.095 -1.15 Td [(coordinating econom)8(ic a)-6(c)-1(tivity. In network fo)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0547 Tw 18.665 0 Td (rms of exchange, individuals engage in )Tj 0.0596 Tw -18.665 -1.15 Td [(reciprocal and m)8(utually supportive actions, )]TJ 0.0588 Tw 17.855 0 Td [(and effectively forego the right to pursue)-6( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.3236 Tw -17.855 -1.15 Td (their own interests at the expense of )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.3246 Tw 16.92 0 Td [(others. In the case of biotechnology, he)-6( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.265 Tw -16.92 -1.15 Td (suggested, sources of innovation do not resi)Tj 19.12 0 Td [(de exclusively within firm)8(s, but are)-6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0921 Tw -19.12 -1.15 Td (commonly found in the interstices)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0951 Tw 14.04 0 Td [( between firm)8(s, universitie)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0923 Tw 10.94 0 Td (s, research laboratories, )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1695 Tw -24.98 -1.15 Td [(suppliers and custom)8(ers \(P)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1678 Tw 11.68 0 Td (owell et al., 1996\). The genera)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1697 Tw 13.06 0 Td [(l argum)8(ent here is that, )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.4881 Tw -24.74 -1.15 Td [(when knowledge is)5( broadly d)6(i)-2(s)5(t)-2(ribu)6(ted )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.4891 Tw 18.245 0 Td [(an)6(d brings)5( a com)9(p)1(etitiv)6(e advan)6(t)-1(ag)6(e, )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0008 Tw -18.245 -1.15 Td (innovation is likely to be located in a netw)Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 17 0 Td (ork of inter-organizational relationships. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -17 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0345 Tw T* [(Others argued in sim)8(ilar term)8(s, focusing on )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0339 Tw 17.855 0 Td [(the social netwo)5(r)-2(ks that enable and shap)5(e )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0397 Tw -17.855 -1.15 Td (strategic alliances \(Barley et al., 1992; )Tj 0.0405 Tw 15.855 0 Td (Gulati, 1995a, 1995b, 1998; Gulati and Singh, )Tj 0.4388 Tw -15.855 -1.15 Td (1998; Kogut et al., 1992; Nohria and )Tj 0 Tc 0.439 Tw 18.055 0 Td (Eccles, 1992\). Noting the growth of )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1897 Tw -18.055 -1.15 Td (interorganizational c)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.1902 Tw 8.44 0 Td [(ooperation, and of interfirm)8( stra)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1884 Tw 13.55 0 Td (tegic alliances, Gulati \(1995a\) )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.1424 Tw -21.99 -1.15 Td [(argued th)6(at em)9(pirical s)5(t)4(udies in the trans)5(act)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1446 Tw 18.25 0 Td [(ion)5( cost tradition have typ)5(i)-2(cally treated )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1445 Tw -18.25 -1.15 Td (each alliance as independent, and consider)Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.1433 Tw 17.73 0 Td [(ed the activ)6(ities it includes as singularly )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0652 Tw -17.73 -1.15 Td (reflecting only the transaction )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0626 Tw 12.475 0 Td (costs associated with it. This)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0623 Tw 11.715 0 Td ( ignores the possibility of )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -24.19 -1.815 Td ( )Tj ET 90 146.36 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 143.8403 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 136.4003 Tm (13)Tj 0.0017 Tc -0.0002 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 131.9003 Tm [( O)5(n)-1( s)8(u)-1(b)5(s)2(eq)5(ue)8(n)5(t)4( use )6(of)5( t)4(h)-1(e )6(n)5(o)-1(t)4(i)4(on )6(o)5(f)-1( \221)5(s)2(t)4(r)-1(uct)10(u)-1(r)5(a)2(l)4( em)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0016 Tw 19.982 0 Td [(beddedne)7(ss\222, )6(see for instan)]TJ 10.761 0 Td [(ce Sim)11(sek et. al. )6(\(2003\) )]TJ -0.0026 Tc 0.0041 Tw -31.389 -1.144 Td [(an)-6(d Gn)-6(yaw)-5(a)-2(li )6(an)-6(d Madh)-6(av)-6(an \(2)-6(001)-6(\))-5(.)-4( )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 113.4203 Tm (14)Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.0004 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 108.9203 Tm [( See:)4( C)3(a)2(l)4(l)4(o)-2(n)4( \()5(1)4(99)4(8)4(\))-1( f)5(o)4(r a )6(di)4(st)4(i)4(n)-2(ct)4( ap)4(p)4(r)-1(oac)8(h)-2( t)10(o)-2( t)4(h)-2(e)8( co)4(nst)4(r)5(uct)10(i)4(on )6(o)4(f)-1( m)13(a)2(rket)4(s )6(and)4( t)4(h)-2(e )6(r)5(o)-2(l)4(e)2( o)4(f)-1( )6(net)4(w)5(or)5(ks;)4( )]TJ 0.0016 Tc -0.0061 Tw -0.647 -1.15 Td [(No)5(hri)4(a)8( )-6(\()5(1)-1(9)5(9)5(2)-1(\))5( fo)5(r )-6(a re)8(vi)4(ew of)5( )-6(t)4(h)-1(e net)4(w)5(or)5(k p)5(e)2(rspect)4(i)4(v)-1(e)8( )-6(am)13(ong)5( )-6(sc)8(hol)4(ar)5(s of m)7(a)2(nagem)13(e)2(nt)4( )-6(and)5( )]TJ -0.0001 Tw 0 -1.144 TD [(or)5(ga)8(ni)4(zat)4(i)4(on;)4( a)8(n)-1(d)5( T)8(hom)13(pso)5(n)-1( )6(et)4( al)4(. \()5(1)-1(9)5(9)5(1)-1(\) )6(f)5(o)5(r a )6(use)8(f)-1(ul)4( c)8(o)-1(l)4(l)4(ect)4(i)4(on )6(of)5( m)13(a)2(t)4(e)2(rial)4( on)5( m)13(a)2(rket)4(s, )6(hi)4(erarc)8(h)-1(i)4(e)2(s a)8(n)5(d)5( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0007 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(net)3(w)4(or)5(ks t)9(h)-2(at)3( s)7(p)-2(an)4(s a )6(n)4(u)-2(m)12(b)-2(er of)5( deca)8(des a)8(n)4(d)4( di)3(sci)3(p)-2(l)3(i)3(n)-2(es)7(. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 752 0 obj<> endobj 754 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 291.18 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2786 Tw -16.765 60.045 Td [(repeated alliances)5( that m)8(a)-1(y alter the calcu)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.278 Tw 18.39 0 Td (lations of the partne)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2784 Tw 8.805 0 Td [(rs wh)5(en they are )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0047 Tw -27.195 -1.15 Td (choosing contracts in alliances. )Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.009 Tw 12.78 0 Td (The social context of alliance)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0098 Tw 11.8 0 Td (s, according to)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0069 Tw 5.88 0 Td ( this view, )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.0542 Tw -30.46 -1.15 Td [(em)9(erges over tim)9(e and can only be observed )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0523 Tw 18.5 0 Td [(by exam)9(ining the rela)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0543 Tw 8.855 0 Td (tionships between )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1047 Tw -27.355 -1.15 Td [(firm)8(s across tim)8(e \(Gulati, 1995a, 1995b; Gulati )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1052 Tw 19.915 0 Td (et al., 2000\). Uzzi )Tj 0 Tc 0.1025 Tw 7.825 0 Td (\(1997\) argued in )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.033 Tw -27.74 -1.15 Td [(sim)9(ilar terms, although he dr)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.0354 Tw 11.67 0 Td [(ew upon the notion of \221em)7(bed)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0305 Tw 12.185 0 Td [(dedness\222 and argued that a)-5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1795 Tw -23.855 -1.15 Td [(more precise for)-6(m)8(ulation of the effect )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1799 Tw 16.53 0 Td [(of social relations on econom)8(ic)-6( action was )]TJ 0.0449 Tw -16.53 -1.15 Td [(needed. Zaheer and Venkatram)8(an \(1995\) argu)]TJ 0 Tc 0.044 Tw 18.6 0 Td (ed for a focus on bot)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0431 Tw 8.465 0 Td (h the structure and )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.4197 Tw -27.065 -1.15 Td [(process of)8( \221relational governance\222, on th)]TJ -0.0005 Tc 0.4205 Tw 18.265 0 Td (e grounds that factors such as trust )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0586 Tw -18.265 -1.15 Td [(com)8(ple)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( econom)8(ic factors in the governan)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0591 Tw 18.825 0 Td (ce of exchange relations. Teece \(1996\) )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0895 Tw -18.825 -1.15 Td [(argued that hybrid organizational form)8(s, such)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0904 Tw 18.68 0 Td [( as inter-firm)8( agreem)8(ents linking firms)-5( )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0441 Tw -18.68 -1.15 Td [(with com)9(p)1(lem)9(entary capabilities and)6( capacitie)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0423 Tw 18.74 0 Td [(s, repres)5(ent a s)5(i)-1(gni)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0448 Tw 7.58 0 Td (ficant organizational )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0 Tw -26.32 -1.15 Td (innovation.)Tj 0.0038 Tc 7.98 0 0 7.98 144.3 612.6803 Tm (15)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0245 Tw 12 0 0 12 152.34 607.1603 Tm ( Teece et al. \(1997\))Tj 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 246.54 612.6803 Tm (16)Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0222 Tw 12 0 0 12 254.58 607.1603 Tm [( built on these pro)6(posals, and outlin)6(ed the \221dynam)9(i)-1(c )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.3284 Tw -13.715 -1.15 Td (capabilities\222 approach that sought to )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.3294 Tw 16.4 0 Td [(explain how and why certain firm)8(s build )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0986 Tw -16.4 -1.15 Td [(com)9(p)1(etitive advantage)5( in regim)9(es o)6(f)4( rapid ch)6(an)6(ge. Dynam)9(i)-6(c capab)6(ilitie)5(s are)5( def)4(i)-1(ne)5(d )]TJ 0.0991 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(here as the ability of)4( a f)4(i)-1(rm to integrate,)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0998 Tw 16.68 0 Td ( build and reconfigure )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0991 Tw 9.51 0 Td [(inte)5(rna)5(l)-1( and extern)6(al )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0034 Tw -26.19 -1.15 Td [(com)8(p)1(etence to address rapidly changing e)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0025 Tw 16.77 0 Td (nvironments \(Teece et al., 1997: 516\). Other )Tj 0.0013 Tc 0.0037 Tw -16.77 -1.15 Td [(key contribu)6(tions to th)6(e stra)5(tegic m)9(anagem)9(ent f)4(i)-1(eld argued tha)5(t)-1( com)9(p)1(etitiv)6(e advantage)5( )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.1339 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(m)9(ay be bas)-5(ed on a high degree of inter-f)]TJ 0 Tc 0.136 Tw 17.265 0 Td [(irm)8( s)-6(pecialization \(Dyer, 1996\). Or, m)8(or)-7(e)-1( )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0271 Tw -17.265 -1.15 Td [(generally, a firm)9(\222s critical resou)6(r)-1(ces m)9(a)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0292 Tw 16.03 0 Td [(y extend beyond boundaries of th)6(e firm)9( \(Dyer)-6( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -16.03 -1.15 Td (and Singh, 1998\). )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0602 Tw T* [(By the end of the 1990s)-5(, and leaving aside )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0594 Tw 17.78 0 Td [(differences of emphasis and term)8(inology, )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2287 Tw -17.78 -1.15 Td [(as well as theoretical p)5(r)-2(eferences for bu)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2302 Tw 17.26 0 Td (ilding on or supersedi)Tj 0.001 Tc 0.2265 Tw 9.385 0 Td [(ng tran)6(saction cost )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.4965 Tw -26.645 -1.15 Td (modes of analysis, scholar)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.492 Tw 12.045 0 Td [(s in m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( and orga)]TJ 0 Tc 0.4925 Tw 12.47 0 Td (nizational analysis had )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1295 Tw -24.515 -1.15 Td [(accum)8(u)1(lated a very)6( sub)6(stantial bod)6(y of em)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.1266 Tw 17.87 0 Td [(pirical research)6( on hybrid)6( organization)6(al )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0782 Tw -17.87 -1.15 Td [(for)-6(m)8(s. Special issues)5( of the )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 0.0799 Tw 11.62 0 Td [(Academ)7(y)-1( of Management Journal)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc 0.0781 Tw 13.76 0 Td ( in 1995, the )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw 5.565 0 Td (Academy )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0543 Tw -30.945 -1.145 Td (of Management Review)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc 0.0548 Tw 9.505 0 Td ( in 1998, and the )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0005 Tc 0.0528 Tw 7.22 0 Td (Journal of Management Studies)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0003 Tc 0.0553 Tw 12.92 0 Td ( in the same )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.1492 Tw -29.645 -1.15 Td [(year are testim)9(ony to t)-6(h)1(e extent of the in)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1504 Tw 17.38 0 Td [(terest in these issues am)8(ong m)8(a)-1(nage)-5(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.2 Tw -17.38 -1.15 Td (researchers. The volume and scope of this l)Tj 0.0012 Tc 0.1963 Tw 18.725 0 Td [(ite)5(ratur)4(e is)5( qu)6(ite rem)9(arkable, as is its )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0483 Tw -18.725 -1.15 Td [(continu)6(i)-1(ng extension.)6( Som)9(e writers h)6(ave focused recen)6(tly on)6( the \221pro)6(cessu)6(al\222 aspec)5(t)4(s)5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1845 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (of inter-organizational re)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1848 Tw 10.375 0 Td (lationships \(Das and Teng, 1998, 2002; Zajac and Olsen, )Tj 0.0598 Tw -10.375 -1.15 Td [(1993\). Others have reaffirm)8(ed the importan)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0579 Tw 17.735 0 Td (ce of \221trust\222 \(Adler, )Tj 0 Tc 0.06 Tw 8.265 0 Td [(2001; C)7(a)-1(rney, 1998\). )60( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0042 Tw -26 -1.15 Td [(The issue of recu)6(rren)6(t)-1( an)6(d re)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0017 Tw 11.49 0 Td (lational contracting has been )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0024 Tw 11.725 0 Td (addressed further \(Ring and )Tj 0.0299 Tw -23.215 -1.15 Td (Van de Ven, 1992\), as has the role of tec)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0287 Tw 16.57 0 Td (hnological knowledge \(Brusoni et al., 2001\), )Tj 0.1134 Tw -16.57 -1.15 Td [(the role of infor)-7(m)8(ation pract)]TJ 0 Tc 0.115 Tw 11.785 0 Td [(ices \(S)6(am)8(pler and Short, 1998\), and the role of control )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0777 Tw -11.785 -1.15 Td [(m)8(echanis)-5(m)8(s)-5( \(Birnberg, 1998\). The detailed st)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0801 Tw 18.7 0 Td [(ructure of alliances has been exam)8(ined )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0397 Tw -18.7 -1.15 Td (\(Sobrero and Schrader, 1998\), the issue of coop)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0405 Tw 19.375 0 Td [(eration has been considered \(Sm)8(ith et )]TJ 0.1695 Tw -19.375 -1.15 Td (al., 1995\), and the wide variety of coordi)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1708 Tw 17.54 0 Td [(nation m)8(echanisms has been em)8(phasized )]TJ 0.1597 Tw -17.54 -1.15 Td (\(Grandori, 1997\). Meanwhile, a range of hith)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1595 Tw 19.045 0 Td (erto neglected topics and issues have )Tj 0 Tc 0.115 Tw -19.045 -1.15 Td (been shown to be worthy of attention. This)Tj -0.0001 Tc 17.965 0 Td ( includes the role of)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1149 Tw 8.395 0 Td ( inter-organizational )Tj 0.3499 Tw -26.36 -1.15 Td (relations in the context of)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.3488 Tw 11.615 0 Td ( patient care \(Gittell and )Tj 11.715 0 Td [(W)9(e)-6(iss, 2004\), the role of )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.4373 Tw -23.33 -1.15 Td [(institutions)4( such as trade associations)4( )]TJ 0.0014 Tc 0.4369 Tw 17.38 0 Td [(in)6( s)6(h)1(aping inte)5(r-organ)6(isa)5(tio)6(nal r)4(ela)5(tion)6(s)-4( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0748 Tw -17.38 -1.15 Td (\(Marchington and Vincent, 2004\), and the is)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0751 Tw 18.225 0 Td (sue of syndication in the venture capital )Tj 0.4001 Tw -18.225 -1.15 Td [(industry \(W)9(right and Lockett, 2003\).)]TJ 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 286.44 171.1403 Tm (17)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.3995 Tw 12 0 0 12 294.48 165.6203 Tm [( W)9(h)1(ether one uses th)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.4003 Tw 9.975 0 Td (e label \221hybrids\222, )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2445 Tw -27.015 -1.15 Td [(\221networks\222, or sim)8(p)1(ly \221new organizational )]TJ 0.0013 Tc 0.2429 Tw 18.34 0 Td [(f)4(o)1(r)4(m)9(s\222, it is clear that th)6(e appetite o)6(f)-1( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2098 Tw -18.34 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( and organizational scholars fo)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2095 Tw 18.23 0 Td [(r research)6(ing and anal)]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.2088 Tw 9.435 0 Td [(ysin)6(g this set of )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -27.665 -1.43 Td ( )Tj ET 90 123.38 144 0.6 re f BT /TT0 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 234 120.8604 Tm ( )Tj 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 113.4203 Tm (15)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0017 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 108.9203 Tm [( See als)6(o)-3( Pisa)7(no et al)]TJ -0.0001 Tc -0.0044 Tw 8.401 0 Td [(. \(1988\) and )-6(Teece \(1992\). )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 101.9003 Tm (16)Tj -0.0016 Tc 0.0031 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 97.4003 Tm [( See also)-5( )6(Arau)-5(jo)-5( et. al. \(20)-5(0)1(3)-5(\))2(, wh)-5(o m)10(o)-5(re recen)-5(tly h)-5(a)-1(v)-5(e)5( prop)-5(o)-5(s)4(ed th)-5(e )6(no)-5(tion)-5( )6(o)-5(f)2( \221ind)-5(irect cap)-5(a)-1(b)-5(ilities\222. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.48 0 0 6.48 90 90.4403 Tm (17)Tj 0.0017 Tc -0.0002 Tw 10.02 0 0 10.02 96.48 85.9403 Tm [( The)8( i)4(m)13(pl)4(i)4(c)2(at)4(i)4(ons )6(of)5( hy)11(bri)10(d)-1(s a)8(n)-1(d)5( net)10(w)-1(o)5(r)5(k )6(or)5(g)5(a)2(ni)4(zat)4(i)4(onal)4( )6(fo)5(r)5(m)13(s for )6(busi)10(n)-1(es)8(s hi)4(st)4(o)5(r)-1(y)5( i)4(s)2( al)4(s)8(o)-1( c)8(u)-1(r)5(r)-1(ent)4(l)4(y)5( )]TJ -0.0005 Tc 0.002 Tw -0.647 -1.15 Td [(receiving )6(re)6(ne)6(wed attention. )6(See for insta)6(n)-3(c)6(e Lam)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0016 Tw 20.024 0 Td [(ourea)7(ux )6(et al. \(2004\) a)7(n)3(d Sa)7(bel a)7(n)-3(d Ze)7(itlin \(2004\). )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 756 0 obj<> endobj 758 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1484 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(phenom)8(ena is undim)8(i)-2(nished even after m)8(o)1(re )]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.1504 Tw 18.885 0 Td (than a quarter of a )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.1502 Tw 8.265 0 Td (century of intense )Tj 0.0013 Tc -0.0013 Tw -27.15 -1.15 Td [(activ)6(ity. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0344 Tw T* [(In a different context, an)6(d at the inte)4(rsection of academ)8(ic and political de)4(bate, the so)6(-)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2052 Tw T* (called \221third way\222 political )Tj 11.695 0 Td (thinking also sought to plur)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2051 Tw 11.81 0 Td [(alize organizational forms)-6(.)-5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.199 Tw -23.505 -1.15 Td [(Giddens \(19)6(98\) dep)6(i)-2(cted m)8(a)-1(rkets as m)8(e)-1(rely on)6(e possib)6(l)-2(e modality of)9( governan)6(ce. )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2501 Tw T* (Much of the debate here )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2483 Tw 11.215 0 Td [(cen)5(tred)5( on the qu)5(ality of public serv)5(ices,)5( and whether)-7( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.2682 Tw -11.215 -1.15 Td [(m)9(arkets offered a)5(l)-1(terna)5(tives)5( to sta)5(t)4(e pr)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.2704 Tw 16.7 0 Td (ovision. The proponents of the third way )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1327 Tw -16.7 -1.15 Td [(argued that governm)8(e)-1(nt should act in partners)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1334 Tw 19.14 0 Td (hip with the agencies)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1347 Tw 8.87 0 Td ( of civil society )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.3048 Tw -28.01 -1.15 Td [(and business. Such argum)8(e)-1(nts built on an )]TJ 0.0013 Tc 0.3024 Tw 18.905 0 Td [(ear)4(lie)5(r lite)5(ratu)6(r)4(e tha)5(t)-1( r)4(epre)5(s)1(ented the)5( )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0185 Tw -18.905 -1.15 Td [(trad)6(ition)6(al a)5(n)1(tinom)9(y between sta)5(t)-1(e)5( a)5(nd m)9(arket a)5(s insuf)4(f)4(i)-1(cien)6(tly com)9(p)1(lex f)4(o)1(r analy)6(tic)5(a)5(l)-1( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.3243 Tw T* [(and practical purposes)5( \(Streeck and Schm)]TJ 0.3234 Tw 18.375 0 Td [(itter, 1985\). In addition to m)9(odes of )]TJ 0.1477 Tw -18.375 -1.15 Td [(organizing s)5(o)1(cial and econom)8(i)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1488 Tw 12.695 0 Td [(c life through markets, states and communities, th)5(ey )]TJ 0 Tc 0.153 Tw -12.695 -1.15 Td (proposed the notion of \221associations\222. The )Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.1553 Tw 18 0 Td [(guiding principle of such organizational)-7( )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.2741 Tw -18 -1.15 Td [(arrang)6(em)9(ents is \221org)6(anization)6(al co)6(ncerta)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2748 Tw 17.07 0 Td [(tion\222 or negotiation within and am)8(ong a)-6( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.105 Tw -17.07 -1.15 Td [(lim)9(ited and fixed set of interest org)6(a)5(nizati)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1044 Tw 17.36 0 Td [(ons th)6(at recogn)6(ize each other\222s status and )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.4588 Tw -17.36 -1.15 Td [(entitlem)8(e)-1(nts, and are capable of reac)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.4584 Tw 16.9 0 Td [(hing and im)8(plem)8(enting relatively stable )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0243 Tw -16.9 -1.15 Td [(com)9(p)1(rom)9(i)-1(se)-5(s in the pursuit of their interests. A decade or so later Hirst \(1)6(994\) argued)6( )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.009 Tw T* [(in sim)9(ilar te)5(rm)9(s, calling f)4(o)1(r \221associationalism)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0074 Tw 18.16 0 Td [(\222 as a princip)6(l)-1(e of adm)9(i)-1(nistrative renewal )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1494 Tw -18.16 -1.15 Td [(in the face of bureaucratic failures.)6( State provision, he con)6(t)-2(ended, sho)6(u)1(ld be m)8(a)-1(de )]TJ 0.0877 Tw T* [(more accou)6(n)1(table to citizens, and m)8(a)-1(rket pr)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0892 Tw 18.005 0 Td [(ovision shou)6(ld)6( be em)9(bedded in a social )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.6191 Tw -18.005 -1.15 Td [(network of)4( coordinative and regulato)6(r)-1(y in)6(stitu)6(tion)6(s. Market pr)4(inciple)5(s and )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0444 Tw T* [(m)8(echanis)-5(m)8(s)-5( should be com)8(b)1(ined with non-m)8(a)-1(rk)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0449 Tw 19.64 0 Td (et calculations and forms of resource )Tj 0 Tc 0.0537 Tw -19.64 -1.15 Td [(allocation. Hybrid organizational form)8(s, wh)]TJ 0.0013 Tc 17.76 0 Td [(ich are be)5(tte)5(r ab)6(le to)6( m)9(anage uncer)4(tain)6(ty, )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw -17.76 -1.15 Td (once again appear to be the rule rather )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0037 Tw 15.545 0 Td (than the exception \(Hir)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 9.245 0 Td (st and Zeitlin, 1991\). )Tj -24.79 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0012 Tc 0.0038 Tw 0 -1.145 TD [(W)5(h)1(ile organ)6(i)-1(zation theo)6(r)4(i)-1(sts do no)6(t p)6(o)1(int to a )]TJ 0.0013 Tw 18.425 0 Td [(sin)6(g)1(le factor ex)6(plai)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0021 Tw 7.675 0 Td (ning the proliferation )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2098 Tw -26.1 -1.15 Td [(of hybrid organizational form)8(s, one thing th)]TJ 0.2073 Tw 18.78 0 Td (ey are clear about is)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.2086 Tw 8.83 0 Td ( that there is no )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0746 Tw -27.61 -1.15 Td [(tendency for them)8( to dis)-5(a)-1(ppear or dim)8(i)-2(nish )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0718 Tw 18 0 Td (in significance. Adapta)Tj 0 Tc 0.075 Tw 9.405 0 Td (bility to changing )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1384 Tw -27.405 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(rket conditions, the lim)8(its of large-sc)]TJ 0 Tc 0.14 Tw 16.645 0 Td (ale organization, access )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1372 Tw 10.135 0 Td (to specialist know-)Tj -0.0005 Tc 0.2505 Tw -26.78 -1.15 Td (how which is often located outside the )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2501 Tw 17.375 0 Td (boundaries of the la)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.2497 Tw 8.655 0 Td (rge corporation, and )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0381 Tw -26.03 -1.15 Td (generalized reciprocity and re)Tj 0.0388 Tw 12.03 0 Td [(putation are am)8(ong the factors th)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0399 Tw 13.38 0 Td (at have been identified )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.0742 Tw -25.41 -1.15 Td [(as im)9(portant in th)6(e grow)8(th of hybrid)6( orga)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0746 Tw 17.045 0 Td [(nizatio)5(nal form)8(s. Most recen)5(tly, innovativ)5(e)-6( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.6608 Tw -17.045 -1.15 Td [(for)-7(m)8(s of organizing have been addr)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.6584 Tw 17.555 0 Td [(essed from)8( a)-6( broadened version of )]TJ 0.0015 Tc 0.1235 Tw -17.555 -1.15 Td [(com)9(p)2(lem)9(entarities)6( th)7(ink)7(i)-1(ng in)7( whic)5(h com)9(p)2(lem)9(e)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.1236 Tw 19.6 0 Td [(ntarities a)4(r)-2(e viewed as nets of inter-)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.3143 Tw -19.6 -1.15 Td [(relationsh)6(i)-1(ps)5( \(Milg)6(rom)9( and Roberts, 1995; Pettig)6(rew et al., 2003\). Building on )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.2526 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(estab)6(lished)6( trad)6(ition)6(s in)6( organizatio)6(n theo)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2519 Tw 17.735 0 Td [(ry,)6( s)5(u)1(ch as contingency the)4(o)1(ry and the )]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.1528 Tw -17.735 -1.15 Td [(notion of)4( \221f)9(it\222,)6( com)9(p)1(lem)9(entarities)5( thinking)6( len)6(d)1(s itself)4( to)6( explana)5(tions)5( of)4( inte)5(r-f)4(ir)4(m )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.3113 Tw T* [(cooperation as m)8(uch as to synergies am)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.3066 Tw 17.75 0 Td (ong activities within)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.308 Tw 8.795 0 Td ( firms \(Miller and )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1395 Tw -26.545 -1.15 Td (O\222Leary, 2005a, 2005b\). And in doing so it en)Tj 0.1382 Tw 19.715 0 Td (courages researchers to extend their )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0632 Tw -19.715 -1.15 Td [(f)4(o)1(cus in two respec)5(ts: f)4(i)4(r)4(stly, to cons)5(ider)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0629 Tw 16.64 0 Td [( m)9(u)1(ltilateral and co)6(mplex inte)5(r)4(d)1(ependencie)5(s )]TJ 0.0029 Tw -16.64 -1.15 Td (rather than unilateral or one-t)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0044 Tw 11.745 0 Td (o-one issues of \221fit\222)Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.0042 Tw 7.815 0 Td (; secondly, to atte)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0014 Tw 7.075 0 Td (nd to innovations in )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0421 Tw -26.635 -1.15 Td [(process)5( and system)9(s, as well as)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0447 Tw 12.715 0 Td [( in organization f)8(orm)8(s and st)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0452 Tw 11.685 0 Td (ructures \(Pettigrew et al., )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0025 Tw -24.4 -1.15 Td (2003\). It is to these latter issues that)Tj -0.0001 Tc -0.0006 Tw 14.395 0 Td ( we now turn in the following section. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -14.395 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 0 -1.16 TD [(Hybrid Pra)5(c)-1(tices, Processes and Expertises )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0197 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (A wide range of disciplines has thus acknow)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0194 Tw 18.005 0 Td (ledged the existence of hybrids, and their )Tj 0.0744 Tw -18.005 -1.15 Td [(im)8(portance to the socio-econom)8(ic landscape. Yet, taken as a whole, the literature on )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 760 0 obj<> endobj 762 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.1777 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(hybrids that has em)9(erged across th)6(e past tw)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1784 Tw 18.615 0 Td [(o decades o)5(r)-2( so suffers from)8( two ke)-6(y )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.038 Tw -18.615 -1.15 Td [(lim)9(itations that are of particul)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.0415 Tw 12.05 0 Td [(ar relevance to the m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-6(nt)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.038 Tw 12.87 0 Td [( of uncertainty and risk. )39( )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2043 Tw -24.92 -1.15 Td (Firstly, the literature on hybrids has been )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.2049 Tw 18.085 0 Td (largely preoccupied )Tj -0.0006 Tc 0.2056 Tw 8.575 0 Td [(with organizational)-8( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0698 Tw -26.66 -1.15 Td [(for)-7(m)8(s despite recent sug)5(gestions)]TJ 0 Tc 0.0675 Tw 13.23 0 Td ( to broaden the focus. An)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.0703 Tw 10.765 0 Td ( unfortunate side-effect of )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.3289 Tw -23.995 -1.15 Td (this focus on organizational forms has b)Tj 0 Tc 0.33 Tw 17.975 0 Td (een the relative neglect of the hybrid )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1184 Tw -17.975 -1.15 Td [(practices, p)6(r)4(ocesses and)6( expertises that m)8(a)]TJ 0.1183 Tw 17.645 0 Td [(ke possible lateral inform)9(ation flows and )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1982 Tw -17.645 -1.15 Td (cooperation across the boundaries)Tj -0.0007 Tc 0.1994 Tw 14.175 0 Td ( of organizations and fi)Tj 0 Tc 0.2 Tw 10.065 0 Td [(rm)8(s. Infor)-7(m)8(a)-6(tion sharing )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1195 Tw -24.24 -1.15 Td (across organizational boundaries, and the intr)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1198 Tw 18.775 0 Td (insically hybrid nature)Tj 0.121 Tw 9.24 0 Td ( of much of the )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.1991 Tw -28.015 -1.15 Td [(inf)4(o)1(rm)9(ation and expertise tha)5(t)-1( f)4(acilitates it, ha)5(ve yet to re)5(ceive the a)5(t)4(tention they )]TJ 0.0016 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(m)9(erit. )]TJ 0 Tc T* ( )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0011 Tw T* (Accounting is central here, as are the inte)Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 16.56 0 Td [(ractions)4( between acc)]TJ 0.0012 Tc -0.0012 Tw 8.325 0 Td [(ounting inf)9(o)1(rm)9(ation and )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2587 Tw -24.885 -1.15 Td (other types of expertise, whether in th)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2595 Tw 16.7 0 Td [(e form of engineering, m)8(a)-1(rketing, design, )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0292 Tw -16.7 -1.15 Td [(m)9(edicine, etc. For, irres)5(p)1(ectiv)6(e of the )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0295 Tw 15.375 0 Td [(ongoing critiqu)6(e)-1( and self-critique of)9( accounting )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0343 Tw -15.375 -1.15 Td [(as a lim)9(ited mode of representation, the repe)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0351 Tw 18.035 0 Td (atedly hybridized calculative practices of )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0601 Tw -18.035 -1.15 Td [(accounting rem)9(ain one of the m)9(o)1(st influentia)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0598 Tw 18.305 0 Td (l ways of rendering uncertainty and risk )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.1205 Tw -18.305 -1.15 Td [(visible. W)10(e)-5( need to know m)9(o)1(re about th)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1193 Tw 16.855 0 Td [(e ways in which accounting in)6(teracts with,)6( )]TJ 0.0693 Tw -16.855 -1.15 Td [(and at tim)9(es hybridizes, as a result of enc)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0696 Tw 17.04 0 Td (ounters with other types of expertise. Even )Tj 0.0546 Tw -17.04 -1.15 Td [(com)8(peting firm)8(s engage in continuous and frequent inform)8(ation exchange on a m)8(uch )]TJ 0.0137 Tw T* [(larger scale than comm)8(only acknowledged, a)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0139 Tw 18.125 0 Td [(nd infor)-7(m)8(ation transfers of varying types )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0902 Tw -18.125 -1.15 Td [(m)9(ay work well withou)6(t vertical integrati)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0897 Tw 16.595 0 Td [(on. Much of this infor)-7(m)8(ation is accountin)5(g)5(-)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.2385 Tw -16.595 -1.15 Td [(based, a)5(l)-1(beit m)9(odif)4(i)-1(ed to dea)5(l)-1( with the of)4(ten)6( loca)5(lized)6( n)6(ature of)4( the)5( inf)4(o)1(rm)9(ation )]TJ 0 Tc 0.1375 Tw T* [(transfers. Moreover, som)8(e)-1( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1397 Tw 11.16 0 Td [(fir)-7(m)8(s see the opportunity to learn and share inform)8(ation )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.2123 Tw -11.16 -1.15 Td [(ef)4(f)4(ectively as the key to their co)6(mpetitiv)6(e )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.2143 Tw 18.365 0 Td [(a)5(dvantage. Y)8(et, despite this inc)5(r)-1(eas)5(i)4(ng )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0796 Tw -18.365 -1.15 Td [(em)8(phasis on infor)-7(m)8(ation and knowledge transfer)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0786 Tw 19.985 0 Td ( and sharing, there is little attention )Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.3186 Tw -19.985 -1.15 Td (paid to the intrinsically )Tj -0.0006 Tc 0.3206 Tw 10.77 0 Td (hybrid nature of much of )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.3184 Tw 11.835 0 Td (the practices, processes and )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.4241 Tw -22.605 -1.145 Td [(expertises that play)6( s)5(u)1(ch a ro)6(le.)6( W)10(e )]TJ 0 Tc 0.425 Tw 17.405 0 Td [(argue for increasing attention to these)-6( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1443 Tw -17.405 -1.15 Td [(m)9(echanis)-5(m)9(s)-5(, as it is through them)9( t)-6(h)1(at uncer)]TJ 0.1434 Tw 18.855 0 Td [(tainty is actually m)8(a)-1(naged rather than )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0737 Tw -18.855 -1.15 Td [(for)-7(m)8(ally represented as m)8(a)-1(nageable. W)9(e)-1( n)]TJ -0.0005 Tc 0.0755 Tw 17.41 0 Td [(eed to know m)7(ore about the industry- and )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0346 Tw -17.41 -1.15 Td [(firm)8(-specific practices that facilitate in)]TJ 0.0337 Tw 15.635 0 Td [(form)8(ation flows and comm)8(unication across the)-6( )]TJ 0.028 Tw -15.635 -1.15 Td [(boundaries of fir)-7(m)8(s, organizati)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0302 Tw 12.42 0 Td [(ons and groups of)8( experts or )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0301 Tw 11.775 0 Td [(professionals. W)9(e)-1( need to )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0755 Tw -24.195 -1.15 Td [(know m)8(ore about the varied and often localiz)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0777 Tw 18.66 0 Td [(ed m)8(e)-1(trics )8(and language)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0724 Tw 9.91 0 Td [(s that facilitat)-7(e)-1( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.123 Tw -28.57 -1.15 Td (interactions that do not resp)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1246 Tw 11.62 0 Td (ect organizational boundaries, )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1244 Tw 12.65 0 Td (whether in the private or )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2888 Tw -24.27 -1.15 Td (not-for-profit sector. We need to know )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2885 Tw 17.49 0 Td [(m)8(o)1(re)-6( about the locales, institutions and )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0418 Tw -17.49 -1.15 Td [(conduits through which such m)8(e)-1(trics circulat)]TJ 0.0405 Tw 18.185 0 Td (e, and in which they are embedded. And )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.1283 Tw -18.185 -1.15 Td [(we need to pay attentio)6(n to th)6(e m)9(u)-4(ltip)6(le )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1284 Tw 17.145 0 Td [(and)6( diverse constituents)5( of)4( such prac)4(tic)4(es)5(, )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0946 Tw -17.145 -1.15 Td (which often do not fit the neat categories a)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0948 Tw 17.82 0 Td (ccording to which we typically order the )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0 Tw -17.82 -1.15 Td (world. )Tj 0 Tc T* ( )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1396 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (Secondly, the literature on hybrids has been )Tj 0.0005 Tc 18.765 0 Td [(overly concerned with the question o)6(f)-1( )]TJ 0.0825 Tw -18.765 -1.15 Td [(whether hybrids are interm)8(ediate or transi)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0822 Tw 17.17 0 Td [(tional econom)9(ic form)9(s. Put differently, the)10( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0391 Tw -17.17 -1.15 Td (debate continues to be suffused by a residual)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0376 Tw 18.19 0 Td [( antinom)8(y of )-7(markets )]TJ -0.0009 Tc 0.0409 Tw 8.93 0 Td [(and hi)-3(er)-3(ar)-3(chies, as )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0498 Tw -27.12 -1.15 Td [(if the loss or attenuation of such par)-7(s)-1(im)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.0502 Tw 16.16 0 Td [(ony m)9(i)-1(ght lead to inte)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0497 Tw 8.99 0 Td (llectual disarray. Those )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2991 Tw -25.15 -1.15 Td [(who em)8(pha)-6(size the stability and diversity)]TJ 0.3001 Tw 18.07 0 Td ( of hybrid organiza)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2973 Tw 8.53 0 Td [(tional for)-7(m)8(s seem, )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0031 Tw -26.6 -1.15 Td [(however, to be willing to)6( accep)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw 12.58 0 Td [(t the empirical and)6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 7.735 0 Td (theoretical challenge)Tj 0.0016 Tc 0.0034 Tw 8.31 0 Td [( th)7(ey presen)7(t if )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0899 Tw -28.625 -1.15 Td (we are to improve our understanding of orga)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0896 Tw 18.49 0 Td (nizational change. That is the approach )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -18.49 -1.15 Td (favoured here. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1346 Tw T* [(To illus)5(t)-2(rate the im)8(portance of hybrid proces)]TJ 0.1347 Tw 18.695 0 Td [(s)5(e)-1(s,)5( practices)5( and expertises, and their )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1895 Tw -18.695 -1.15 Td [(significance for the m)8(a)-6(nagem)8(e)-1(nt of risk, )]TJ 17.555 0 Td [(we offer a num)8(b)-4(er of examples. Clearly )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 764 0 obj<> endobj 766 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.0404 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td (these can only be vignettes in )Tj -0.0006 Tc 0.0406 Tw 12.285 0 Td (the context of this essay. None)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0376 Tw 12.465 0 Td [( the)5( le)5(ss, it is hop)6(ed th)6(at )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.4091 Tw -24.75 -1.15 Td [(they in)6(dica)5(te the)5( rang)6(e of)4( issue)5(s)5( that)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.4092 Tw 17 0 Td ( we argue need further attention when )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0337 Tw -17 -1.15 Td (considering the ways in which cooperative )Tj 0 Tc 0.034 Tw 17.545 0 Td [(action across boundaries is facilitated. For)-7( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1794 Tw -17.545 -1.15 Td [(it is through such hybridized m)8(echanism)8(s that for)-6(m)8(ally distinct bodies of experts, )]TJ 0.1254 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (entities and endeavours are brought together )Tj 0.1284 Tw 18.775 0 Td [(to m)9(anage the prim)9(ary risks that arise)-5( )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.104 Tw -18.775 -1.15 Td [(otherwise)5( in)6( the in)6(ters)5(tices between)6( them)9(. )]TJ 0.1031 Tw 17.65 0 Td [(The exam)9(ples are chosen to illus)5(t)-1(r)4(ate the)10( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1629 Tw -17.65 -1.15 Td (different modalities of hybrid)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1648 Tw 12.3 0 Td [(izatio)5(n of accounting and fin)5(a)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1628 Tw 12.595 0 Td [(ncial expertise, and th)6(e)-6( )]TJ 0.0795 Tw -24.895 -1.15 Td [(im)8(plications for the m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt of risk. )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0769 Tw 16.995 0 Td [(In the first exam)8(ple \226 of Moo)6(r)4(e\222s Law and )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.511 Tw -16.995 -1.15 Td [(technology road-m)8(apping in the m)8(i)-2(cropr)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.5087 Tw 18.26 0 Td [(ocessor industry \226 we exam)8(ine the)-6( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1799 Tw -18.26 -1.15 Td (hybridization of financial an)Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.1779 Tw 11.895 0 Td (d technological expert)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1778 Tw 9.23 0 Td [(ise. In the second exam)8(ple \226 of )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0696 Tw -21.125 -1.15 Td [(investm)8(e)-1(nt \221bundling\222 at Caterpillar Inc. \226 )]TJ 0.0706 Tw 17.56 0 Td [(we exam)8(ine the hybridization of financial )]TJ 0.2088 Tw -17.56 -1.15 Td (and engineering expertise. In the third ex)Tj 0.2097 Tw 17.675 0 Td [(am)8(ple, we consider the hybridization of )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0126 Tw -17.675 -1.15 Td [(f)4(i)-1(nancial an)6(d m)9(edical e)5(xpertise in the se)5(tting)6( )]TJ 0.0121 Tw 18.225 0 Td [(of)4( health care)5( ref)4(o)1(rm)9(s in Finland)6( and the )]TJ -0.0015 Tc 0 Tw -18.225 -1.15 Td (UK. )Tj 0 Tc T* ( )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0449 Tw T* (Consider first the practice of \221technology ro)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0447 Tw 17.815 0 Td [(adm)8(a)-1(pping\222 as used to inform)8( investm)8(e)-6(nt )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0231 Tw -17.815 -1.15 Td [(appraisal and coordination in the sem)8(i)-2(c)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.022 Tw 15.795 0 Td (onductor industry \(Miller)Tj 0 Tc 0.0233 Tw 10.22 0 Td ( and O\222Leary, 2005a, )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1988 Tw -26.015 -1.15 Td [(2005b\). Technology roadm)8(a)-1(pping refers to an )]TJ 0 Tc 0.2 Tw 19.825 0 Td [(inform)8(ation-sharing fram)8(e)-6(work that)-7( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0784 Tw -19.825 -1.15 Td (operates internationally across very differe)Tj 0.0797 Tw 17.43 0 Td (nt kinds of organizations, including large-)Tj 0 Tc 0.09 Tw -17.43 -1.15 Td [(scale sem)8(i)-2(conductor firm)8(s, suppliers, consor)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0898 Tw 18.125 0 Td [(tia, start-up firm)8(s, governm)8(e)-1(nt agencies, )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1601 Tw -18.125 -1.15 Td [(and university laboratories. Roadm)8(a)-6(ps are us)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.158 Tw 18.795 0 Td [(ed)6( to form)9( shared exp)6(ectations acro)6(s)5(s )]TJ 0 Tc 0.075 Tw -18.795 -1.15 Td (such diverse entities, for periods of 10 to)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0746 Tw 16.86 0 Td ( 15 years ahead, as to when innovations by )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.2099 Tw -16.86 -1.15 Td [(each of the entities m)9(u)-4(st com)9(e to fruiti)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2094 Tw 16.9 0 Td [(on, an)6(d how they should inter-operate, to)6( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.084 Tw -16.9 -1.15 Td (enable the production of new and more )Tj 0.0849 Tw 16.505 0 Td [(powerful sem)8(i)-2(conductor and m)8(i)-2(croprocessor )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1998 Tw -16.505 -1.15 Td [(devices. Technology roadm)8(a)-1(ps are inform)8(ati)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1983 Tw 18.65 0 Td [(on-sharing arrangem)8(e)-1(nts that are both )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0077 Tw -18.65 -1.15 Td [(hybrids them)8(selves, and devices that help to)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0086 Tw 17.695 0 Td [( create hybrid organizational form)8(s. In the )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.325 Tw -17.695 -1.145 Td [(case of a m)9(i)-1(croproces)5(sor firm like Intel, )]TJ 0.0014 Tc 0.3236 Tw 18.51 0 Td [(ro)6(adm)9(aps are crucial to)6( the strateg)6(i)-1(c )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1427 Tw -18.51 -1.15 Td [(investm)8(e)-1(nt decisions made at)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1432 Tw 12.18 0 Td [( the most senio)6(r)4( leve)5(ls of)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1448 Tw 10.745 0 Td ( the corporation \(Miller and )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0144 Tw -22.925 -1.15 Td [(O\222Leary, 2005a, 2005b\). It is by m)8(eans of roadma)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.012 Tw 20.19 0 Td [(ps that the firm)8(\222s executives seek t)-7(o)1( )]TJ 0.1755 Tw -20.19 -1.15 Td [(coordinate their investm)8(e)-1(nts with those of)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1742 Tw 17.685 0 Td [( a host of other firm)9(s and organizations )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.3802 Tw -17.685 -1.15 Td [(world-wide, thus m)8(a)-1(na)-6(ging the risks of wi)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.3797 Tw 19.195 0 Td (dely distributed sets of interrelated )Tj -0.0005 Tc 0 Tw -19.195 -1.15 Td (innovations. )Tj 0 Tc T* ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2675 Tw T* [(If technology roadm)8(a)-1(pping is critical to )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2693 Tw 17.725 0 Td [(the lateral flow of infor)-7(m)8(ation and the )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1157 Tw -17.725 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( of risks among firm)8(s m)8(a)-1(nuf)]TJ 0.1172 Tw 17.04 0 Td [(acturing m)8(i)-2(croprocessors, )8(among sub-units )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0894 Tw -17.04 -1.15 Td [(of individual firm)8(s, and am)8(ong complem)8(e)-1(ntors,)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0881 Tw 19.525 0 Td ( then the so-called )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0902 Tw 7.91 0 Td (\221Moore\222s Law\222 is )Tj 0.0352 Tw -27.435 -1.15 Td [(perhaps one of the clearest exam)8(ples of a )]TJ 0 Tc 0.035 Tw 16.98 0 Td (hybrid practice that co)Tj 9.07 0 Td [(m)8(bines technological)-7( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0397 Tw -26.05 -1.15 Td [(and financial com)8(ponents. M)]TJ -0.0009 Tc 0.0396 Tw 11.78 0 Td (oore\222s Law dates back to )Tj -0.0008 Tc 0.0408 Tw 10.43 0 Td [(1965, when Gordon Moore set)-8( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2987 Tw -22.21 -1.15 Td (out his predictions as to what woul)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2998 Tw 15.75 0 Td [(d happen to the sem)8(i)-2(conductor com)8(ponent)-7(s )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.3196 Tw -15.75 -1.15 Td (industry over the next ten years. On th)Tj 0.3197 Tw 17.58 0 Td [(e ba)-6(sis of three data points, which he )]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.1188 Tw -17.58 -1.15 Td [(extrapo)6(l)-1(ated)6( from)9( in a straight lin)6(e for th)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1187 Tw 17.15 0 Td [(e next ten years, Moore predicted that the)-6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0196 Tw -17.15 -1.15 Td [(density of com)8(ponents on an integrated circ)]TJ 0 Tc 0.0192 Tw 17.62 0 Td (uit would continue to double on an annual )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.1752 Tw -17.62 -1.15 Td (basis. These predictions were)Tj 0 Tc 0.1716 Tw 12.295 0 Td [( startling in them)8(selves. )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1751 Tw 10.435 0 Td (Equally astounding were his )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1535 Tw -22.73 -1.15 Td [(predictions about the econom)8(ic aspects of th)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1551 Tw 18.71 0 Td [(e future of integrated circuits. For the)-6( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0693 Tw -18.71 -1.15 Td [(predicted im)9(provem)9(ents in speed and com)9(p)1(lexi)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0687 Tw 19.265 0 Td [(ty, and the expected reductions in the)-6( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0344 Tw -19.265 -1.15 Td [(size of integ)6(r)-1(ated circu)6(i)-2(ts, were seen to )]TJ 0.0351 Tw 16.085 0 Td [(be m)9(atched by com)9(p)-4(arable reductions in cost. )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0748 Tw -16.085 -1.15 Td [(By 1975, these com)8(bined predictions of rapi)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0714 Tw 18.195 0 Td [(dly increasing com)8(p)1(lexity, with m)8(o)1(re or )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0496 Tw -18.195 -1.15 Td [(less equivalent reductions in cost, had com)8(e)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0508 Tw 17.89 0 Td [( to be term)8(ed Moore\222s Law and accepted)6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0481 Tw -17.89 -1.15 Td [(as a fact across the indu)5(stry. Sin)5(ce then, )]TJ 0 Tc 0.05 Tw 16.61 0 Td [(Moore\222s Law has becom)8(e)-1( not only a way of )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0013 Tw -16.61 -1.15 Td [(setting the p)6(ace of techn)6(o)1(logical inn)6(ovation, )]TJ -0.0013 Tw 17.985 0 Td (but also a way of defining the rules under )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 768 0 obj<> endobj 770 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.4439 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(which competition occurs in the sem)8(i)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.4434 Tw 17.19 0 Td (conductor industry. Only by constantly )Tj 0.3484 Tw -17.19 -1.15 Td [(innovating technolog)5(ically, it seems, c)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.3481 Tw 16.785 0 Td [(ould on)6(e achiev)6(e an apparen)6(t)4(ly lim)9(itless )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1546 Tw -16.785 -1.15 Td (reduction in cost per component. Moore\222s La)Tj 19.025 0 Td (w is not only a hybrid practice at its )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1493 Tw -19.025 -1.15 Td [(core, com)9(b)1(ining as it d)6(o)1(es techno)6(logical )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1486 Tw 17.255 0 Td [(and financial projections. It also m)8(a)-1(nages )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1384 Tw -17.255 -1.15 Td [(uncertainty in the m)9(o)1(st immediate and di)]TJ 0.1394 Tw 17.235 0 Td [(rect m)8(a)-1(nner, by providing a set of shared )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1179 Tw -17.235 -1.15 Td [(expectations for all the firm)8(s and industrie)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.1187 Tw 17.655 0 Td (s that are involved )Tj -0.0007 Tc 0.119 Tw 8.08 0 Td (in the production and )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0018 Tw -25.735 -1.15 Td [(consum)9(ption of m)9(i)-1(croprocessors. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.1142 Tw T* [(Consider an)6(other ex)6(am)9(ple that concerns )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1136 Tw 16.88 0 Td [(investm)8(e)-1(nt evaluation and the coordination )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.3489 Tw -16.88 -1.15 Td (of a system of diverse assets. The pract)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.3498 Tw 18.11 0 Td (ice in question is termed \221investment )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0552 Tw -18.11 -1.15 Td (bundling\222, and was used by Caterpillar Inc. )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0538 Tw 17.9 0 Td [(to fram)8(e their US$2.7 billion world-wide )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0047 Tw -17.9 -1.15 Td [(factory m)8(odernization project term)8(ed \221Plant)]TJ 17.565 0 Td [( W)9(ith a Future\222 launc)]TJ 8.565 0 Td [(hed in the m)8(i)-2(d-1980s )]TJ 0.108 Tw -26.13 -1.15 Td (\(Miller and O\222Leary, 1994a\). )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1099 Tw 12.38 0 Td [(Investm)8(e)-1(nt bundles were defined as physical areas on )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0489 Tw -12.38 -1.15 Td [(the factory floor that had common elem)8(ents)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0487 Tw 17.785 0 Td [( relative to processing, m)8(a)-1(terial handling, )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0242 Tw -17.785 -1.15 Td [(tool m)9(anagem)9(ent, system)9(s and so forth. In)]TJ 0 Tc 17.095 0 Td [(vestm)8(e)-1(nt bundling as a practice was itself a )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0101 Tw -17.095 -1.15 Td (hybrid, formed out of engineering and financ)Tj 0 Tc 18.08 0 Td (ial expertise. The pr)Tj -0.0001 Tc 8.025 0 Td [(actice w)7(a)-1(s developed )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1793 Tw -26.105 -1.15 Td [(as executive)5(s within Caterp)6(illar Inc)5(.)1( bo)]TJ 0.1784 Tw 16.57 0 Td [(rrowed practices term)8(ed \221IDEF Zero\222 from )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1786 Tw -16.57 -1.15 Td (software design, and ideas of)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.1815 Tw 12.35 0 Td [( \221group technology\222 from)8( m)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1745 Tw 11.875 0 Td (echanical engineering, to )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1154 Tw -24.225 -1.15 Td (create novel ways of modelling and inte)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.1163 Tw 16.705 0 Td [(rvening upon investm)8(e)-1(nts in manufacturing )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1236 Tw -16.705 -1.15 Td (\(Miller and O\222Leary, 1994b\). Th)Tj 0.1256 Tw 13.605 0 Td [(e overall \221Plant W)9(ith a Future\222 project world-wide )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1097 Tw -13.605 -1.15 Td (was divided into 77 \221bundles\222. Plant operatio)Tj 18.645 0 Td [(ns were to be consolidated, sim)8(plified, )]TJ 0.1446 Tw -18.645 -1.15 Td [(autom)8(a)-1(ted and integrated via closely coor)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1448 Tw 17.42 0 Td [(dinated investm)8(e)-1(nt in new manufacturing )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -17.42 -1.15 Td (technologies, new factory layouts )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 13.69 0 Td [(and new inform)8(ation system)8(s. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -13.69 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0095 Tw T* [(For capital investm)8(e)-1(nt evaluation purposes, th)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0096 Tw 18.495 0 Td [(e most notable feature of the investm)8(e)-1(nt )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.144 Tw -18.495 -1.15 Td (bundling process was that the focus was shif)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1445 Tw 18.81 0 Td [(ted from)8( discrete st)]TJ 8.125 0 Td [(and-alone item)8(s to )]TJ 0.0014 Tc 0.0669 Tw -26.935 -1.145 Td [(integ)6(r)-1(ated \221s)6(ystem)9(s)1( of)4( assets\222 that w)9(ere vi)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0671 Tw 17.145 0 Td [(ewed as synergistically related. Investm)8(e)-1(nt )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1552 Tw -17.145 -1.15 Td [(proposals and investm)8(e)-6(nt m)8(onitoring thus ha)]TJ -0.0008 Tc 0.1545 Tw 18.74 0 Td [(d not only to dem)7(ons)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1527 Tw 9.045 0 Td (trate a return on )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.1235 Tw -27.785 -1.15 Td [(investm)9(ent calcu)6(lated in traditiona)5(l accounting)6( term)9(s as an Interna)5(l)-1( Rate of)4( Return. )125( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1488 Tw T* [(They had to)5( show how product cost reducti)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1482 Tw 18.35 0 Td [(ons)5( com)9(puted in relation)6( to com)9(p)1(etito)6(r )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0694 Tw -18.35 -1.15 Td [(benchm)8(arks, com)8(b)1(ined with process im)8(prove)]TJ 0.0016 Tc 0.0674 Tw 18.42 0 Td [(m)9(e)-5(nts such as assem)9(b)2(ly tim)9(e reductio)7(n, )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1946 Tw -18.42 -1.15 Td [(work in process reduction in term)8(s)-5( of )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.194 Tw 16.565 0 Td [(numbers of physical units, sp)6(ace reductio)6(n )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1038 Tw -16.565 -1.15 Td [(fra)-6(m)8(ed in square feet, and reductions in un)]TJ 17.845 0 Td (it travel distance, would result in overall )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.4641 Tw -17.845 -1.15 Td (desired rates of financial return. The )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.4633 Tw 17.585 0 Td [(so-called \221bundle m)8(onitors\222 were thus )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0698 Tw -17.585 -1.15 Td (intrinsically hybrid calculative)Tj 0.0003 Tc 12.365 0 Td [( practices, for they brought together in a single form)8(a)-6(t)-7( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.1848 Tw -12.365 -1.15 Td [(both financial and engineering m)8(e)-1(trics. A)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1837 Tw 17.53 0 Td [(nd in doing so f)9(o)1(r a com)8(p)1(lex system)8( of)-6( )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.1278 Tw -17.53 -1.15 Td [(assets, ra)5(the)5(r)-1( than a)5( sta)5(nd-)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1276 Tw 11.045 0 Td [(alone investm)9(ent, they facili)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1297 Tw 11.72 0 Td [(tated the m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt of t)-7(he )]TJ 0.2284 Tw -22.765 -1.15 Td (risks that could otherwise ha)Tj 0 Tc 0.229 Tw 12.365 0 Td [(ve arisen if one or m)8(ore)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2298 Tw 10.66 0 Td ( components of the overall )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -23.025 -1.15 Td [(system)8( of as)-5(sets had no)]TJ 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw 9.39 0 Td [(t perform)8(e)-1(d a)-6(s expected. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -9.39 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0137 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (Hybrids are also found in very different cont)Tj 0.0145 Tw 17.975 0 Td [(exts. Consider for exam)8(ple one particular )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0247 Tw -17.975 -1.15 Td [(encounter between m)8(e)-1(dical and financial expe)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 18.65 0 Td [(rtise. The issue here centres on whether)-7( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0133 Tw -18.65 -1.15 Td [(senior)4( clinic)5(ians in a)5( hos)5(pita)5(l se)5(tting,)6( and )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0118 Tw 16.87 0 Td [(in)6( re)5(lation to the \221New)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0116 Tw 9.1 0 Td [( Public Managem)9(ent\222 )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0592 Tw -25.97 -1.15 Td [(reform)9(s, are willing to acquire finan)6(cial ex)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0594 Tw 17.45 0 Td [(p)6(e)-1(rtis)5(e in areas su)6(ch as budgeting, cos)5(ting )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0345 Tw -17.45 -1.15 Td [(and pricing. In the UK, a)-6(t)-2( least initially, m)8(e)-1(di)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.035 Tw 18.49 0 Td [(cs seem)9(ed to wish to preserve intact the )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1645 Tw -18.49 -1.15 Td [(boundaries of the m)8(e)-1(di)-7(cal enclosure and ther)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1644 Tw 18.945 0 Td [(eby inhibit or prevent the for)-6(m)8(ing of )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1941 Tw -18.945 -1.15 Td (hybrids \(Rose and Miller, 1992\). In Finland, in)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1918 Tw 20.14 0 Td ( contrast, senior )Tj 0.1944 Tw 7.195 0 Td [(clinicians seem)8(ed )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1647 Tw -27.335 -1.15 Td [(willing)5( to)5( acquire finan)5(c)-1(ial expertis)5(e and )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1625 Tw 17.58 0 Td [(in th)6(e process to)6( hybrid)6(ize their exis)5(tin)6(g )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.3545 Tw -17.58 -1.15 Td [(skills \(Kurunm)8(\344)-1(ki, 2004\). The process be)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.3556 Tw 18.365 0 Td [(gan in the late 1980s when m)8(e)-1(dical)-7( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2307 Tw -18.365 -1.15 Td [(professionals were m)8(a)-1(de financially re)]TJ 0.2295 Tw 16.37 0 Td [(sponsible through delegated budgets in the)9( )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 772 0 obj<> endobj 774 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.334 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(localized se)5(ttings of)4( in)6(dividua)5(l ins)5(titu)6(tions. T)7(h)1(ese initia)5(l experim)9(ents, in which )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1108 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(consultants, physicians, nurses and adm)8(i)-2(ni)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1144 Tw 17.455 0 Td (strative personnel part)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1148 Tw 9.12 0 Td (icipated, took place )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0449 Tw -26.575 -1.15 Td (on a voluntary basis. Networks of calculation, )Tj 0.0429 Tw 18.95 0 Td [(in which m)8(e)-1(di)-7(cal experts were central, )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.2573 Tw -18.95 -1.15 Td [(em)9(erged gradually as key actors cam)9(e to )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.2592 Tw 18.345 0 Td [(endorse the ideas, and the num)9(b)1(er of )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.077 Tw -18.345 -1.15 Td [(participan)6(ts multiplied. Once budgeting sk)6(ills )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0786 Tw 18.895 0 Td [(h)5(a)-1(d been acq)5(uired by)5( m)8(e)-6(dical experts, )]TJ 0.0897 Tw -18.895 -1.15 Td [(and the process em)8(bedded at ward level, it)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0887 Tw 17.62 0 Td [( was only a relatively sm)8(all step to m)8(a)-1(ke )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2846 Tw -17.62 -1.15 Td [(m)8(e)-1(dical professionals responsible to m)8(uni)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 17.97 0 Td [(cipalities and hospital m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt for)-6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2896 Tw -17.97 -1.15 Td (keeping within their budgets. As the idea)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2905 Tw 18.16 0 Td [(s of m)8(a)-1(rkets, custom)8(ers and contracts )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.2181 Tw -18.16 -1.15 Td [(becam)9(e prevalent in Finland in th)6(e early )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2185 Tw 17.905 0 Td [(199)6(0s, and with their rece)4(ntly acqu)6(i)-2(red )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1351 Tw -17.905 -1.15 Td (financial expertise, clinicia)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.131 Tw 11.07 0 Td (ns took readily to )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.133 Tw 7.76 0 Td (the detailed tasks of)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1348 Tw 8.37 0 Td ( calculating costs, )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1136 Tw -27.2 -1.15 Td (allocating overheads and constructing pric)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.1152 Tw 17.4 0 Td (es. Chief physicians spoke proudly of the )Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.0924 Tw -17.4 -1.15 Td [(price lis)5(ts th)6(ey had prep)6(ared, and th)6(e aver)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0945 Tw 17.33 0 Td [(ag)6(e costs they h)6(a)4(d calcu)6(lated)6( for different)-7( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.179 Tw -17.33 -1.15 Td (operations. They spoke equally proudly of th)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1789 Tw 19.04 0 Td (e fact that they prepared costing and )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.1951 Tw -19.04 -1.15 Td [(pricing inform)8(ation with no help at all fr)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.192 Tw 17.545 0 Td [(om)8( the finance unit in the hospital. The)-6( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0772 Tw -17.545 -1.15 Td [(acquis)5(ition)6( of)4( f)4(i)-1(nancial expertise wa)5(s consid)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0784 Tw 18.14 0 Td [(ered)6( to be re)4(latively s)5(t)-2(ra)4(ightf)4(o)1(rward and )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2291 Tw -18.14 -1.15 Td (unchallenging, when set alongside the acquisiti)Tj 0.2301 Tw 20.025 0 Td (on of clinical skills)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.2299 Tw 8.32 0 Td [( and expertise. )230( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.2192 Tw -28.345 -1.15 Td [(Calculative expertise th)6(us becam)9(e part of )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.2183 Tw 18.1 0 Td [(the repertoire o)6(f)4( practices that m)9(edical )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1195 Tw -18.1 -1.15 Td [(professionals in)6( Finland)6( could)6( deploy. Inst)]TJ 0.1182 Tw 17.65 0 Td [(ead of inter-prof)9(essional co)6(mpetition)6( and)6( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.0783 Tw -17.65 -1.15 Td (jurisdictional disputes, a hybr)Tj 0.08 Tw 12.07 0 Td (idization of expertise occu)Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.0804 Tw 10.815 0 Td [(rred. A new assem)7(blage was)-6( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0531 Tw -22.885 -1.15 Td [(for)-6(m)8(ed a)-6(m)8(ong m)8(e)-1(dical professionals, m)8(e)-1(dical )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0542 Tw 18.99 0 Td [(e)5(xpertise, an)6(d the c)5(alcu)6(l)4(ative)5( prac)5(tic)5(es )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2448 Tw -18.99 -1.15 Td [(of accounting. In terms of risk m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt)]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.2453 Tw 18.93 0 Td (, and whether deliberate or nor, this )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0947 Tw -18.93 -1.15 Td [(hybridization acted as a for)-7(m)8( of uncertainty)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0942 Tw 18.075 0 Td [( reduction for the m)9(edical system)9( in the)-5( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -18.075 -1.15 Td [(context of the \221New Public Management\222 reform)8(s)-5(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0138 Tw T* (In the UK context, a further and related ex)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0144 Tw 17.095 0 Td [(am)8(ple illus)5(t)-2(rates h)6(o)1(w a range of groups can)6( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0089 Tw -17.095 -1.15 Td [(work across existing prof)8(essional boundaries a)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0068 Tw 18.735 0 Td [(nd thereby)6( facilitate )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0098 Tw 8.27 0 Td [(the em)8(ergence of a )]TJ 0.4398 Tw -27.005 -1.145 Td (new set of hybrid processes and practi)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.4387 Tw 17.92 0 Td [(ces. The context is the \221modernising)10( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0094 Tw -17.92 -1.15 Td [(governm)8(e)-1(nt\222 programm)8(e)-6( introduced in the la)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0097 Tw 18.02 0 Td [(te 1990s by the L)6(a)-1(bour governm)8(e)-1(nt as an )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.364 Tw -18.02 -1.15 Td [(attem)9(p)1(t to prom)9(ote \221partnership\222 work)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.3646 Tw 16.8 0 Td [(ing among a ra)-6(nge of service providers )]TJ 0 Tc 0.0941 Tw -16.8 -1.15 Td [(\(Kurunm)8(\344ki)-7( and Miller, 2004\). Instead of co)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0934 Tw 18.395 0 Td [(ercion by the state or the untramm)8(e)-1(lled )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2495 Tw -18.395 -1.15 Td [(workings of the m)8(a)-1(rket, a generalized in)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2499 Tw 17.64 0 Td (junction to cooperate, and to enter into )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0246 Tw -17.64 -1.15 Td [(partnerships, was placed)5( upon a rang)5(e of agen)]TJ 0.0239 Tw 18.615 0 Td [(cies. The Health Act 1999 gave form)8( t)-7(o)5( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0998 Tw -18.615 -1.15 Td (this incitation to cooperate, and brought heal)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.098 Tw 18.46 0 Td (th care and social serv)Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0999 Tw 9.285 0 Td (ices in particular )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0181 Tw -27.745 -1.15 Td [(into c)5(l)-1(ose co)6(ntact.)6( Follo)6(wing previo)6(us initia)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.018 Tw 17.705 0 Td [(tives)5( designed to)6( encourag)6(e cross-s)5(ecto)6(r)-1(al )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1296 Tw -17.705 -1.15 Td (working, the Health Act 1999 sought to weaken the power of existing prof\ essional )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0349 Tw T* [(and m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(rial enclosures by introducing )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0346 Tw 17.145 0 Td [(a new)8( duty of cooperation within the NHS, )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.3248 Tw -17.145 -1.15 Td (together with an extended duty of cooperation between NHS bodies and loc\ al )Tj 0.1288 Tw T* [(authorities. A new statutory m)8(echanism)8( for )]TJ 0 Tc 0.13 Tw 18.35 0 Td (strategic planning wa)Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.1304 Tw 8.815 0 Td (s introduced, with )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0793 Tw -27.165 -1.15 Td [(the aim)9( of improving health care services)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0797 Tw 17.045 0 Td (, along with provision for NHS bodies and )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.2243 Tw -17.045 -1.15 Td [(local au)6(thor)4(ities to m)9(ake use of)4( new operation)6(al f)4(l)-1(exibilities. These \221f)4(lexib)6(ilities\222)4( )]TJ 0.2494 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(introduced in Section 31 of this Act \226 pooled budgets, lead comm)8(issioning and )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.5133 Tw T* (integrated service provision \226 provide)Tj 0 Tc 0.515 Tw 17.23 0 Td [(d further practices through which the)-6( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.2947 Tw -17.23 -1.15 Td [(modernizing governm)8(e)-1(nt programme could )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2958 Tw 18.85 0 Td [(be rendered operable. As one m)8(i)-2(ght)-7( )]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0633 Tw -18.85 -1.15 Td [(expect, at a local level this program)9(m)9(e)-5( en)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0645 Tw 17.125 0 Td [(countered traditional and entrenched view)8(s )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0098 Tw -17.125 -1.15 Td (that health care and social care professiona)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0096 Tw 17.225 0 Td [(ls do not speak the sam)8(e)-1( language, that one )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0145 Tw -17.225 -1.15 Td (group is trying to take over the other, and th)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0122 Tw 17.735 0 Td (at professional rivalrie)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0152 Tw 9.025 0 Td [(s within health care)-6( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2094 Tw -26.76 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(ke inter-organizational cooperation extrem)8(ely difficult. But a kind of regulated)11( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0296 Tw T* (hybridization, in the form of evolving coopera)Tj 18.715 0 Td [(tive forum)8(s to enable inter-professional )]TJ 0.0734 Tw -18.715 -1.15 Td (and inter-organizational exchanges, also em)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0745 Tw 17.875 0 Td (erged. In one area, there developed \221lead )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2296 Tw -17.875 -1.15 Td [(comm)8(issioning\222 of continuing care placem)8(ents, through w)8(hich th)5(e so)5(cial serv)5(ices)-5( )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 776 0 obj<> endobj 778 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0335 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(purchasing m)8(a)-1(nager cam)8(e to be responsible)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0349 Tw 17.64 0 Td [( for comm)8(issioning all placem)8(e)-1(nts funde)-6(d )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0148 Tw -17.64 -1.15 Td [(either by)5( so)5(cial services)4( or )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0152 Tw 10.98 0 Td (health care, or join)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.0124 Tw 7.535 0 Td [(tly)6( by th)6(ese ag)6(encies.)6( In another area, a )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1165 Tw -18.515 -1.15 Td [(multi-ag)6(ency team)8( was for)-6(m)8(ed to c)-6(onduct )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1142 Tw 17.81 0 Td [(join)6(t assessm)9(ents for nursing hom)9(e care, )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.3996 Tw -17.81 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(de up of a consultant geriatrician, )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.3992 Tw 17.26 0 Td [(an oc)5(cupation)6(al therapis)5(t, a)5( community )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2961 Tw -17.26 -1.15 Td (psychiatric nurse, a social)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.2986 Tw 11.225 0 Td [( serv)6(ice m)9(anager, a care m)9(anager, a co)6(mmunity care )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0291 Tw -11.225 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nager and a district nurse. In both instan)]TJ -0.0005 Tc 0.0305 Tw 17.475 0 Td (ces, the risk of indivi)Tj -0.0004 Tc 8.53 0 Td (duals falling between )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1398 Tw -26.005 -1.15 Td (the \221gaps\222 between different professional )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.1402 Tw 17.335 0 Td [(and adm)8(i)-2(nistrative groups was seen to be )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0598 Tw -17.335 -1.15 Td [(reduced, although the longer term)8( impact of fo)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0592 Tw 19.08 0 Td [(r)-6(m)9(al \221partnership working\222 rem)9(ains to )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -19.08 -1.15 Td (be seen. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.159 Tw T* [(These brief exam)8(ples are intend)6(ed to be no m)8(o)-4(re than)6( indicativ)6(e of th)6(e range and )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1921 Tw T* [(multiplicity of hybrids that we argu)5(e need)5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1945 Tw 18.375 0 Td [(to b)6(e)-1( m)8(o)1(re fully recogn)6(ized. W)9(e)-1( have )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0185 Tw -18.375 -1.15 Td [(deliberately taken exam)8(ples from both the pr)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0196 Tw 18.07 0 Td [(ivate and the public sector, for we do not)-7( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.165 Tw -18.07 -1.15 Td (consider hybridization to be )Tj -0.0007 Tc 0.1647 Tw 12.1 0 Td (confined to one or the othe)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.1626 Tw 11.56 0 Td (r. We have suggested that )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.4097 Tw -23.66 -1.15 Td (hybridization can occur betw)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.408 Tw 12.865 0 Td [(een the dom)9(ains of scie)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.4104 Tw 11.025 0 Td (nce, technology and the )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.1116 Tw -23.89 -1.15 Td [(econom)9(y, between the calcu)6(lative practices)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1126 Tw 17.82 0 Td ( of engineering and accounting, between )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0432 Tw -17.82 -1.15 Td [(m)8(e)-1(dical and financial expertis)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0416 Tw 12.15 0 Td [(e, and between m)8(e)-1(dical and so)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0417 Tw 12.425 0 Td [(cial care agencies.)6( In the )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.4111 Tw -24.575 -1.15 Td [(case of the m)8(i)-2(croprocessor industry, we)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.4089 Tw 17.935 0 Td ( have argued that Moore\222s Law and )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.3032 Tw -17.935 -1.15 Td [(technology roadm)8(a)-1(pping practices can reduc)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.3048 Tw 19.105 0 Td (e risk by coordinating and aligning )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.3199 Tw -19.105 -1.15 Td (expectations within )Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.3204 Tw 8.695 0 Td [(and am)7(ong fi)-8(rm)7(s. In the case of)]TJ -0.0006 Tc 0.3206 Tw 14.54 0 Td ( Caterpillar Inc., we have )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0237 Tw -23.235 -1.15 Td [(suggested that investm)8(e)-1(nt bundling can reduc)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0244 Tw 18.365 0 Td (e risk by focusing attention on the set of )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1297 Tw -18.365 -1.15 Td (assets whose successful integr)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.1287 Tw 12.48 0 Td [(ation can im)8(prove financial returns. In the context of )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0017 Tw -12.48 -1.15 Td [(the Finnish health care refor)-6(m)9(s, we )-7(have ar)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0032 Tw 17.315 0 Td (gued that the hybridizat)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0028 Tw 9.48 0 Td (ion of financial and )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0846 Tw -26.795 -1.15 Td [(m)8(e)-1(dical expertise can reduce risk by reducin)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0835 Tw 18.34 0 Td [(g)6( u)6(n)1(certainty)6( for the h)6(ealth care system )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2401 Tw -18.34 -1.15 Td (as a whole. And in the UK health care re)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.2413 Tw 18.43 0 Td [(form)8(s, we have suggested that form)8(a)-6(l)3( )]TJ 0 Tc 0.234 Tw -18.43 -1.15 Td [(partnership working can reduce system)8(ic ri)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2341 Tw 18.415 0 Td (sks likely to arise through individuals )Tj 0.0011 Tc 0.1226 Tw -18.415 -1.145 Td [(f)4(alling throu)6(gh the \221g)6(ap)6(s\222 betw)]TJ 0 Tc 0.1233 Tw 12.885 0 Td (een different professional a)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1247 Tw 11.28 0 Td [(nd adm)8(i)-2(nistrative groups. )125( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0548 Tw -24.165 -1.15 Td (We do not conclude from these examples that)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0552 Tw 18.69 0 Td [( hybridization is always benign, or tha)-6(t)-7( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.1685 Tw -18.69 -1.15 Td [(it always h)6(as positive effects for risk m)9(a)]TJ 0.1693 Tw 17.325 0 Td [(nage)-5(m)9(ent. We do argue, however, that it )]TJ 0.0016 Tc 0.2434 Tw -17.325 -1.15 Td [(dem)9(onstrate)5(s)1( that th)7(ere)5( is m)9(u)2(ch that f)5(alls)]TJ 0.0018 Tc 0.2423 Tw 17.865 0 Td [( ou)7(tside the do)7(m)10(a)1(in of)5( f)5(o)2(rm)10(alized ris)6(k)-3( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0546 Tw -17.865 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7(, and that the hybrid nature of th)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0548 Tw 18.39 0 Td (e processes, practices and expertises we )Tj 0.0013 Tc 0.1179 Tw -18.39 -1.15 Td [(have ref)4(er)4(r)-1(e)5(d)1( to is c)5(entr)4(al to)6( the)5(i)-1(r)4( a)5(b)1(ility)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.1173 Tw 16.965 0 Td [( to effect coo)6(r)-1(din)6(a)5(tion across)5( dom)9(ains an)6(d )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0094 Tw -16.965 -1.15 Td [(boundaries. No doubt more exam)8(ples are needed)]TJ 0.0101 Tw 19.59 0 Td [(, and a m)8(o)1(re robust assessm)8(e)-1(nt of the)-5( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1172 Tw -19.59 -1.15 Td [(factors that encourage o)5(r)-2( in)]TJ 0 Tc 0.12 Tw 11.415 0 Td [(hibit such developm)8(ents. W)9(e)-1( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1179 Tw 12.325 0 Td [(need also)6( to consider how )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2196 Tw -23.74 -1.15 Td [(and whether form)8(alized risk m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2174 Tw 17.94 0 Td [(practices and regim)8(e)-1(s m)8(a)-1(y inhibit such )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.3489 Tw -17.94 -1.15 Td [(developm)8(ents. And we need a better unde)]TJ 0.3498 Tw 18.83 0 Td (rstanding of the in)Tj 0 Tc 0.35 Tw 8.35 0 Td (teraction between )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1712 Tw -27.18 -1.15 Td [(localized)5( practices that cont)]TJ -0.0005 Tc 0.1755 Tw 11.655 0 Td [(ribute to the m)7(a)-2(nagem)7(e)-2(nt of)]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.1752 Tw 11.955 0 Td ( risk, and the increasingly )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2932 Tw -23.61 -1.15 Td [(prevalent and form)8(alized risk m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2949 Tw 17.49 0 Td [(nt and governance regim)8(e)-1(s. But we do )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0585 Tw -17.49 -1.15 Td [(believ)6(e)-1( that these exam)8(ples are sufficient to)]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0572 Tw 17.855 0 Td [( indicate that res)5(earchers sho)6(u)1(ld consid)6(er)9( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.2652 Tw -17.855 -1.15 Td [(a range of processes, practices and)6( exper)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2646 Tw 17.905 0 Td [(tis)5(es that are currently confined to the )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0017 Tw -17.905 -1.15 Td [(penum)8(bra of for)-6(m)8(alized risk m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj T* ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 0 -1.16 TD (Conclusion )Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.5042 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(Hybridiza)5(tio)6(n is a continua)5(lly in)6(ventive pro)6(cess, in which prolif)4(eration and)6( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0185 Tw T* [(multiplicatio)5(n is the no)5(rm. But if hybrids are wh)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0189 Tw 19.505 0 Td [(ere so)6( m)8(u)1(ch of the actio)6(n)1( is, and if s)5(o)1( )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.0193 Tw -19.505 -1.15 Td [(m)9(any social scien)6(tis)5(ts f)4(r)-1(o)6(m)9( so m)9(any discip)6(line)5(s h)6(ave em)9(phasized the)5(i)-1(r)4( im)9(portanc)5(e f)4(o)1(r )]TJ 0.0032 Tw T* [(two decades)5( or m)9(o)1(re, why are th)6(ey not give)]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.0013 Tw 17.51 0 Td [(n g)6(r)4(eater prom)9(inence in risk m)9(anagem)9(ent)-6(? )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.3184 Tw -17.51 -1.15 Td [(And why a)-6(r)-1(e hybrids particularly neglect)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.3187 Tw 18.03 0 Td (ed in the public sector, as Hood and )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 780 0 obj<> endobj 782 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.1249 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(Rothstein \(2000\) have observed?)-6( The answer)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1246 Tw 18.715 0 Td (, no doubt, resides in large part in the )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.2569 Tw -18.715 -1.15 Td [(exacerb)6(a)-1(tion)6( of for)-6(m)8(al )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tw 10.125 0 Td (process)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.255 Tw 3.06 0 Td (, as Power \(2004\) has argued, and the regulatory )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.4196 Tw -13.185 -1.15 Td [(pressures towards standardization that characterize m)8(uch of risk m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7(. )420( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0056 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(Relatedly, risk regulation regim)8(e)-1(s may in pa)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0046 Tw 17.765 0 Td [(rt be a m)8(eans for re)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0024 Tw 7.76 0 Td (gulators, public bodies )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.3123 Tw -25.525 -1.15 Td [(and governm)8(e)-1(nt to manage the risks to th)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.3139 Tw 18.715 0 Td [(em)8(selves, rather than to m)8(a)-1(nage the)-6( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0848 Tw -18.715 -1.15 Td [(underly)5(i)-2(ng risks. If one\222s organization has )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0833 Tw 17.65 0 Td [(in place the appropriate risk m)9(anage)-5(m)9(ent)-6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0983 Tw -17.65 -1.15 Td [(comm)8(ittees, officers an)5(d practices, th)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0989 Tw 15.335 0 Td [(en at leas)4(t there ex)5(ists)4( som)8(e)-1( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0007 Tc 0.0993 Tw 11.965 0 Td [(ex po)6(st)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 0.0999 Tw 2.905 0 Td ( protection )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1893 Tw -30.205 -1.15 Td [(against possible accu)6(sations of recklessnes)]TJ 17.88 0 Td [(s or neglect. But it is undoubtedly also)6( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0477 Tw -17.88 -1.15 Td [(because hyb)6(rids are a ch)6(alleng)6(e to risk m)9(a)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0486 Tw 17.25 0 Td [(nage)-6(ment, for they)5( typically reside beyond)5( )]TJ 0.1097 Tw -17.25 -1.15 Td (the boundaries of existing enti)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.1075 Tw 12.55 0 Td [(ties, and do not lend them)8(selv)]TJ 0 Tc 0.1083 Tw 12.485 0 Td (es readily to traditional )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0101 Tw -25.035 -1.15 Td (ways of sorting the world. The types of risk)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0077 Tw 17.545 0 Td [( and uncertainty m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( practices we )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.2143 Tw -17.545 -1.15 Td (have documented fall between the conventio)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.2148 Tw 18.95 0 Td (nal professions of regulation such as )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.005 Tw -18.95 -1.15 Td (accounting and law. And as topics of resear)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0045 Tw 17.495 0 Td (ch, they also fall between the conventional )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.2644 Tw -17.495 -1.15 Td [(academ)8(ic disciplines of accounting)6(,)1( econom)8(ics)-5(,)1( law, organization theory and the)10( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.079 Tw T* [(sociology of)8( the professions, which m)8(a)-1(y in pa)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0763 Tw 18.935 0 Td (rt explain their negl)Tj 0.0772 Tw 8.1 0 Td [(ect by researchers. )83( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2898 Tw -27.035 -1.15 Td (The attention paid in the literature to )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2882 Tw 16.95 0 Td [(hybrid organizational form)8(s supports this )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1284 Tw -16.95 -1.15 Td (contention, as does inversely th)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.1289 Tw 13.105 0 Td (e relative neglect of hybrid)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1297 Tw 11.285 0 Td ( processes, practices and )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw -24.39 -1.15 Td (expertises. )Tj 0 Tc T* ( )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0401 Tw T* (We have drawn attention in this essay to )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0395 Tw 16.755 0 Td [(the im)8(portance of hybrid)]TJ 0 Tc 0.0387 Tw 10.03 0 Td [(s in both the public)-6( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2748 Tw -26.785 -1.15 Td (and private sectors, and across the boundari)Tj 0.0001 Tc 19.125 0 Td (es of these increasingly overlapping )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0251 Tw -19.125 -1.15 Td [(dom)8(a)-1(ins. In no way has our selection aspired )]TJ 0.0234 Tw 18.465 0 Td [(to be com)9(p)1(rehensive for either the areas)5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1352 Tw -18.465 -1.15 Td [(or individual exam)8(ples. But we do t)-7(h)1(ink th)]TJ 0.001 Tc 0.133 Tw 18.07 0 Td [(ey in)6(dicate the considerab)6(le variety and )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1451 Tw -18.07 -1.15 Td (significance of hybrids. For instance, we ha)Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.1437 Tw 18.305 0 Td [(ve dem)8(onstrated the role played withi)-7(n )]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.1596 Tw -18.305 -1.15 Td [(Caterpilla)5(r I)4(n)1(c. of)4( a f)4(i)-1(rm)9(-wide practic)5(e f)4(o)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1607 Tw 17.545 0 Td [(r evaluating and m)8(onitoring investm)8(e)-1(nts. )161( )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0149 Tw -17.545 -1.15 Td [(This practice, term)8(ed investm)8(e)-1(nt bundling, bl)]TJ 0.0132 Tw 18.26 0 Td (ends together a range)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0148 Tw 8.56 0 Td ( of engineering and )Tj 0.001 Tc 0.3085 Tw -26.82 -1.145 Td [(f)4(i)-1(nancial metr)4(ics into som)9(ething that f)4(its neither the co)6(nventiona)5(l catego)6(r)-1(ies o)6(f)4( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.2538 Tw T* [(accounting nor the m)8(o)-5(re recen)5(t n)5(otion of )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2535 Tw 18.355 0 Td [(a balanced)5( scorecard. Rem)8(a)-1(ining with )]TJ 0.0006 Tc -0.0014 Tw -18.355 -1.15 Td [(investm)8(e)-1(nt evaluation, but this tim)8(e in the )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 17.055 0 Td [(m)8(i)-2(croprocessor industry, and w)8(ith the focus )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.3696 Tw -17.055 -1.15 Td [(on inter-firm)8( as well as intra-firm)8( pr)]TJ 0 Tc 0.37 Tw 16.71 0 Td (actices, we have shown how technology )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0848 Tw -16.71 -1.15 Td [(roadm)8(a)-1(ps fa)-6(cilitate coordination across sub-)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0845 Tw 18.01 0 Td (units of the firm, as well as between the )Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.0432 Tw -18.01 -1.15 Td [(firm)9( and its com)9(p)1(le)-5(m)9(ent)-6(ors. W)10(e have i)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0434 Tw 15.845 0 Td (ndicated how \221Moore\222s La)Tj -0.0005 Tc 0.0455 Tw 10.765 0 Td [(w\222, which pre-dates)-6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.1796 Tw -26.61 -1.15 Td (and broadly defines the contours that road)Tj 0.1806 Tw 17.925 0 Td [(m)8(a)-1(ps have to fol)-7(l)-2(ow, m)8(e)-1(diates between )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0187 Tw -17.925 -1.15 Td [(science and)6( the economy, and defin)6(e)-1(s th)6(e ru)]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.0179 Tw 17.785 0 Td [(les)5( under which)6( com)9(p)1(etition)6( occurs)5( in)6( th)6(e )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -17.785 -1.15 Td [(m)8(i)-2(croprocessor industry. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0747 Tw T* (In a very different context \226 an encounter)Tj 17.11 0 Td [( between m)8(e)-1(dical and )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0718 Tw 9.24 0 Td (financial expertise \226 )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2046 Tw -26.35 -1.15 Td [(we have shown the process of hybridization to be equally im)8(portant. As hospital )]TJ 0.2846 Tw T* (clinicians in Finland showed a willi)Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.2835 Tw 15.685 0 Td [(ngness to acquire com)8(p)1(etence in budgeting, )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1232 Tw -15.685 -1.15 Td (costing and pricing, and to attend associat)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1248 Tw 17.5 0 Td [(ed training schem)8(e)-1(s designed specifically )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0896 Tw -17.5 -1.15 Td [(for m)8(e)-1(dics, their skill-sets ch)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0886 Tw 11.94 0 Td (anged. In countries such as )Tj 0 Tc 0.0891 Tw 11.495 0 Td [(the UK at that tim)8(e, and i)-7(n )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2395 Tw -23.435 -1.15 Td [(contrast, the boundaries between m)8(e)-1(dical a)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.2397 Tw 18.425 0 Td (nd financial expertise within hospitals )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.056 Tw -18.425 -1.15 Td [(rem)8(a)-1(ined more clearly d)6(r)-1(awn. None the less,)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0556 Tw 18.23 0 Td [( one can discern)5( m)8(ore recently evidence )]TJ 0 Tc 0.19 Tw -18.23 -1.15 Td (of a process of hybridization even in th)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.1893 Tw 16.96 0 Td (e UK, in the context of the \221Modernising )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.2136 Tw -16.96 -1.15 Td [(Governm)8(e)-1(nt)-7(\222 programme and the calls for )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2152 Tw 18.4 0 Td [(form)8(al \221partnership working\222. And the)-6( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.277 Tw -18.4 -1.15 Td [(calcu)6(lative practice called \221Reference Cos)]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.2788 Tw 17.945 0 Td [(ting)6(\222)-1(, toge)5(ther,)6( with th)6(e \221)4(P)2(aym)9(ent b)6(y)6( )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0493 Tw -17.945 -1.15 Td [(Results\222 programm)8(e, ha)-6(s resulted in hybrid pr)]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0495 Tw 18.655 0 Td [(actices being f)9(o)1(rm)8(ed at a national level )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0889 Tw -18.655 -1.15 Td [(out of m)8(e)-1(di)-7(cal categories such as Health)]TJ 0.0881 Tw 16.7 0 Td (care Resource Groups a)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0901 Tw 9.79 0 Td (nd costing practices )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw -26.49 -1.15 Td [(such as stan)5(dard costing)5(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -1.15 TD ( )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 784 0 obj<> endobj 786 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0388 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(Clearly, these are no m)8(o)-5(re than snapshots that)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0398 Tw 18.675 0 Td ( illustrate the diverse nature of hybrids, )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0647 Tw -18.675 -1.15 Td [(although)5( ev)5(en thes)5(e brief illus)5(t)-2(ratio)5(ns draw fro)5(m)8( a growing body of literatu)5(re. These )]TJ 0.2296 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(exam)8(ples show, however, the im)8(portance )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2279 Tw 17.945 0 Td (of broadening the focus beyond hybrid )Tj 0.0013 Tc 0.1395 Tw -17.945 -1.15 Td [(organiz)5(ation)6(al f)4(o)1(rm)9(s to consider a)5(l)-1(s)6(o)1( the wi)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1397 Tw 18.405 0 Td (de range of hybrid processes, practices )Tj 0 Tc 0.4241 Tw -18.405 -1.15 Td [(and expertises th)5(at create and enable late)]TJ 0.0013 Tc 0.4227 Tw 18.87 0 Td [(ra)5(l ra)5(the)5(r)-1( th)6(an ver)4(tic)5(al tra)5(n)1(sf)4(ers of)9( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.2696 Tw -18.87 -1.15 Td [(inform)8(ation and knowledge. For hybridizat)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.2692 Tw 18.325 0 Td [(ion can occur whenever two or m)8(or)-7(e)-6( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2595 Tw -18.325 -1.15 Td [(elem)8(ents norm)8(a)-1(lly found separately are co)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2599 Tw 18.265 0 Td [(m)8(bined to create som)8(e)-1(thing new. The)-6( )]TJ 0.0015 Tc 0.3835 Tw -18.265 -1.15 Td [(f)5(o)2(rm)9(ation of)5( relative)5(l)-1(y)7( stable org)7(aniza)]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.3844 Tw 16.875 0 Td [(tional for)-6(m)8(s that do not fit readily the )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0396 Tw -16.875 -1.15 Td [(categories of m)8(a)-1(rket and hierarchy is only )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0374 Tw 17.365 0 Td [(one exam)8(ple. Practices and processes su)6(ch )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0188 Tw -17.365 -1.15 Td [(as investm)8(e)-1(nt bundling and technology roadm)8(a)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0197 Tw 19 0 Td [(pping that draw on m)8(ore than one type)-6( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1244 Tw -19 -1.15 Td [(of expertise are another, whether th)6(ese ar)]TJ 17.23 0 Td [(e form)8(alized or not, and whether they are )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0098 Tw -17.23 -1.15 Td [(used for planning or m)8(o)-5(nitoring purposes. Th)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0087 Tw 18.255 0 Td (e hybridizing of professional expertise is )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.2884 Tw -18.255 -1.15 Td [(a further exam)8(ple, although the conditions )]TJ 0.2877 Tw 18.935 0 Td [(for this to occur are probably m)8(o)1(re )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1397 Tw -18.935 -1.15 Td [(dem)8(a)-1(nding in light of what m)8(a)-1(y be perceived )]TJ 0.0011 Tc 0.1376 Tw 19.5 0 Td [(to)6( be at stake)5( in som)9(e contexts as a)5( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2653 Tw -19.5 -1.15 Td [(dilution of the self-im)8(a)-1(ge of a professi)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.2649 Tw 16.935 0 Td (on. And interdisciplinarity, an enduringly )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1426 Tw -16.935 -1.15 Td [(fashionable leitm)8(otif for)-7( those who seek )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.1433 Tw 17.2 0 Td [(to d)6(esign academ)9(ic policy, is)5( yet ano)6(t)-1(her,)6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc -0.0015 Tw -17.2 -1.15 Td (although it is a type of hybrid that is perhap)Tj 0.0006 Tc 17.475 0 Td [(s m)8(o)1(re frequently im)8(agined than realized. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -17.475 -1.15 Td ( )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.1692 Tw T* [(The im)9(plications of hybrids for th)6(e account)]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.1677 Tw 18.355 0 Td [(in)5(g and risk m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( literature are )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.2761 Tw -18.355 -1.15 Td [(considerable. W)9(e)-1( have argued that it is)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2748 Tw 17.185 0 Td ( through hybrid pract)Tj 0 Tc 0.275 Tw 9.295 0 Td (ices, processes and )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.4023 Tw -26.48 -1.15 Td [(expertise that the actual m)9(anagem)9(ent of)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.4039 Tw 17.925 0 Td [( ri)-7(sk occurs, rather than through the )]TJ 0.0298 Tw -17.925 -1.15 Td [(for)-7(m)8(alized and obligatory routines of risk m)8(a)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0293 Tw 18.34 0 Td [(nagem)9(ent. Even if this is currently m)9(o)1(re)-5( )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.1393 Tw -18.34 -1.15 Td (of an assertion than a rigor)Tj 0.1404 Tw 11.38 0 Td [(ously docum)7(e)-2(nted f)]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.1386 Tw 8.155 0 Td (act, it is clear none)Tj 0.0009 Tc 0.1353 Tw 8.075 0 Td ( the less that the )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.2891 Tw -27.61 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( of uncertainty and risk happe)]TJ -0.0004 Tc 0.2879 Tw 18.465 0 Td (ns in large part at)Tj -0.0011 Tc 0.2894 Tw 8.09 0 Td [( the boundaries or)-8( )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0277 Tw -26.555 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(rgins of c)-6(onventional entities )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0275 Tw 13.23 0 Td (and practices. It is clear al)Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.0285 Tw 10.595 0 Td (so that accounting is being )Tj 0.3381 Tw -23.825 -1.15 Td (hybridized yet again in this process, and )Tj 0 Tc 0.34 Tw 18.7 0 Td [(in diverse w)7(a)-1(ys in different locales. )340( )]TJ -0.0003 Tc 0.2203 Tw -18.7 -1.145 Td [(Coordination across sub-units of a firm)8(, )]TJ -0.0005 Tc 0.2205 Tw 17.495 0 Td (cooperation and the sharing of expertise )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0.1173 Tw -17.495 -1.15 Td [(am)8(ong fir)-7(m)3(s, inter-professional )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.1151 Tw 13.235 0 Td (knowledge transfer and ev)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1143 Tw 10.92 0 Td [(en the em)9(ergence of new )]TJ 0.0001 Tc 0.0499 Tw -24.155 -1.15 Td [(bodies of expertise, form)8(al and inform)8(al )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.0502 Tw 16.645 0 Td (cooperation across organizations and groups )Tj 0 Tc 0.0187 Tw -16.645 -1.15 Td (of experts, and the creation )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0202 Tw 11.2 0 Td [(of m)8(e)-1(trics that draw upon diffe)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0173 Tw 12.505 0 Td (rent bodies of expertise are )Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.0996 Tw -23.705 -1.15 Td [(am)8(ong the multiple dim)8(e)-1(nsions of hybrids.)5( Th)]TJ 0.0009 Tc 0.0983 Tw 19.12 0 Td [(ese are on)6(ly)6( som)9(e of the exam)9(ples of )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.1686 Tw -19.12 -1.15 Td (accounting and hybridization, and how it can )Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.1693 Tw 19.475 0 Td [(have significant im)9(plications for the)-5( )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0.2302 Tw -19.475 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( of risk. The literature on ac)]TJ 0 Tc 0.228 Tw 17.615 0 Td [(counting and risk m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(ment needs to )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.1544 Tw -17.615 -1.15 Td [(acknowledge that the form)8(alized hierarchical)]TJ 0.1527 Tw 18.68 0 Td ( models that charact)Tj 0.0004 Tc 0.1562 Tw 8.49 0 Td [(erize m)8(uch of the)-6( )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0.0737 Tw -27.17 -1.15 Td (regulatory arena are at odds with the hybrids )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0749 Tw 18.715 0 Td (and the lateral relati)Tj 0 Tc 0.075 Tw 8.195 0 Td [(ons that enable the)-6( )]TJ 0.0003 Tc 0.0557 Tw -26.91 -1.15 Td [(m)8(a)-1(nage)-6(m)8(e)-1(nt)-7( of organizations and the m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0.0536 Tw 19.855 0 Td [(nt of risk in all its form)9(s)-5( to flourish. )59( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.2948 Tw -19.855 -1.15 Td (No doubt, to the extent that the practices)Tj 0.0007 Tc 0.2943 Tw 18.29 0 Td [( we have described here com)9(e to be)-5( )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0492 Tw -18.29 -1.15 Td [(incre)5(asing)6(ly)6( stabilized a)5(nd taken f)4(o)1(r granted, the)5(y)1( will appea)5(r)-1( less like h)6(ybrids. They )]TJ 0.0009 Tc T* [(m)9(ay even com)9(e to be embedded in for)-6(m)9(alized risk m)9(anage)-5(m)9(ent routines and thereby )]TJ 0.0008 Tc 0.0342 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(lose the)5(i)-1(r ab)6(ility to m)9(anage actua)5(l risks. But, as we have argued, such is the natur)4(e of )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw T* (hybridization. )Tj 0 Tc T* ( )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 788 0 obj<> endobj 790 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 302.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0007 Tc -17.725 60.035 Td [(References)5( )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 -1.14 TD ( )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0012 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (Adler, P. \(2001\) \221Market, hierarchy and )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw 16.19 0 Td (trust: the knowledge ec)Tj 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw 9.3 0 Td [(onom)9(y and the future )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -25.49 -1.15 Td [(of capitalism)8(\222, )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 6.025 0 Td (Organization Science)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 8.64 0 Td (, 12: 215-234. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -14.665 -2.15 Td (Araujo, L., Dubois, A., and Gadde, L.E. \()Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw 16.61 0 Td [(2003\) \221The m)8(u)1(ltiple boundaries)5( of the firm)8(\222, )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw -16.61 -1.15 Td (Journal of Management Studies)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 12.755 0 Td (, 40 1255-1277. )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -12.755 -2.15 Td [(Barley, Stephen, R., Freem)8(an, J. and Hybels)]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw 17.725 0 Td [(, R.C. \(1992\) \221S)7(trategic alliances in )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -17.725 -1.15 Td (commercial biotechnology\222, in N. N)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 14.495 0 Td [(ohria, and R)7(.G. Eccles \(eds.\), )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 12 0 Td (Networks and )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw -26.495 -1.15 Td (Organizations)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 5.725 0 Td [(. Boston, MA: Harvard Business S)6(c)-1(hool Press. )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0004 Tw -5.725 -2.15 Td [(Baxter, J. an)5(d Chua, W)9(.F. \(2003\). \221Alter)]TJ 0.0006 Tc -0.0018 Tw 16.17 0 Td [(native m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt accounting research \226 )]TJ -0.0031 Tw -16.17 -1.15 Td (whence and whither\222, )Tj /TT2 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw 8.89 0 Td [(A)6(c)4(counting, Organizations and Society)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0008 Tc 0.0008 Tw 15.655 0 Td (, 28: 97-126. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw -24.545 -2.15 Td (Birnberg, J.G. \(1998\) \221Control in inte)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 15 0 Td [(rfirm)8( co-operative relationships\222, )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 13.5 0 Td (Journal of )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -28.5 -1.15 Td (Management Studies)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 8.365 0 Td (, 35: 421-428. )Tj 0.0007 Tw -8.365 -2.15 Td [(Borys, B. and Jem)8(i)-2(son, D.B. \(1989\) \221Hybr)]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 16.975 0 Td [(id arrangem)8(e)-1(nts as strategic alliances: )]TJ 0.001 Tc -0.0022 Tw -16.975 -1.15 Td [(theore)5(tic)5(al issues in o)6(r)-1(g)6(aniza)5(tiona)5(l c)5(o)-4(m)9(b)1(inations)5(\222, )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0018 Tw 20.325 0 Td [(Academy of Managem)7(e)-1(nt Review)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.295 0 Td (, )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -33.62 -1.15 Td (14: 234-249. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 -2.15 TD (Brusoni, S. Prencipe, A. and Pavitt)Tj -0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw 13.975 0 Td (, K. \(2001\) \221Knowle)Tj 0.0001 Tw 8.13 0 Td (dge specialization, )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw -22.105 -1.15 Td (organizational coupling, and the boundaries )Tj 0.0008 Tc 0.0004 Tw 17.78 0 Td [(of the firm)9(: W)10(h)1(y do )]TJ 0.0012 Tc 0.0013 Tw 8.24 0 Td [(firm)9(s know m)9(o)1(re )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -26.02 -1.15 Td [(than they m)8(a)-1(ke?)-6(\222)-2(, )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.39 0 Td (Administrative Science Quarterly)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 13.385 0 Td (, 46: 597-621. )Tj 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw -20.775 -2.15 Td [(Buxbaum)9(, R.M. \(1993\) \221Is \223net)]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 12.59 0 Td (work\224 a legal concept?\222, )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 10.02 0 Td (Journal of Institutional and )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0054 Tw -22.61 -1.15 Td (Theoretical Economics, )Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 9.75 0 Td (149: 698-705. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -9.75 -2.15 Td (Callon, M. \(1998\) )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw 7.475 0 Td [(The la)6(ws of the markets)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0009 Tc 0.0009 Tw 9.505 0 Td [(. Oxford:)-3( Bl)-3(ackwell. )]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw -16.98 -2.15 Td [(Carney, M. \(1998\) \221The com)8(petitiveness of )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 17.605 0 Td [(networked produ)6(ction)6(:)-2( The role of trus)5(t )]TJ 0.0008 Tc -0.0033 Tw -17.605 -1.15 Td [(and asset sp)6(ecificity\222, )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 8.89 0 Td (Journal of Management Studies)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 12.75 0 Td (, 35: 457-479. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -21.64 -2.15 Td [(Coase, R.H. \(1937\) \221The nature of the firm)8(\222. )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0008 Tc 0 Tw 17.995 0 Td (Economica)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 4.505 0 Td (, 4: 386-405. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -22.5 -2.15 Td (Collins, H. \(1990\) \221Ascription of legal res)Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 16.78 0 Td [(pons)5(ibility to g)5(r)-2(oups)5( in com)8(plex patterns of )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -16.78 -1.145 Td [(econom)8(ic integration\222. )]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 9.3 0 Td [(Modern La)5(w Review)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 8.275 0 Td (, 53: 731-744. )Tj -0.0012 Tw -17.575 -2.15 Td [(Collins, H. \(2006\), \221The weakest link)5(: legal )]TJ 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw 17.665 0 Td [(im)9(plication)6(s of the )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw 7.745 0 Td (network architecture )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw -25.41 -1.15 Td (of supply chains\222. Paper presented at )Tj -0.0028 Tw 14.97 0 Td (conference on \221Coordination and cooperation )Tj -0.0003 Tw -14.97 -1.15 Td (across organizational boundaries\222, Cathol)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw 16.61 0 Td (ic University of Milan, 20 April 2006. )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw -16.61 -2.15 Td [(Comm)8(ittee of Sponsoring Organizations )]TJ 0 Tc -0.0012 Tw 16.45 0 Td [(of the Treadway Comm)8(ission \(COSO\) )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw -16.45 -1.15 Td (\(1992\) )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw 2.92 0 Td (Internal control \226 In)Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 8.19 0 Td (tegrated framework)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0005 Tc 0.0005 Tw 7.915 0 Td (. New York : COSO. )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -19.025 -2.15 Td [(Comm)8(ittee on the Financial Aspects )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 14.805 0 Td (of Corporate Governance \(1992\) )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.33 0 Td (Report of the )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -28.135 -1.15 Td (Committee on the financial aspects of corporate governance)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 24.195 0 Td [( [)8(C)2(adbury Report]. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -24.195 -1.15 Td (London: Gee Publishing. )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 0 -2.15 TD [(Cooper, R. and Slagm)8(ulder, R. \(2004\) \221In)]TJ 16.67 0 Td (terorganizational co)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0019 Tw 7.97 0 Td [(st m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(ent and )]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -24.64 -1.15 Td (relational context\222, )Tj /TT2 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 7.805 0 Td (Accounting, Organizations and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0024 Tw 15.91 0 Td ( 29: 1-26. )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 792 0 obj<> endobj 794 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td (Coser, L., Kadushin, C. )Tj 0 Tc -0.0016 Tw 9.695 0 Td (and Powell, W.W. \(1982\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -0.0012 Tw 10.525 0 Td (Books: The culture and commerce )Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.0004 Tw -20.22 -1.15 Td (of publishing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 5.25 0 Td [(. New Yor)-7(k: Basic Books. )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -5.25 -2.15 Td (Das, T.K. and Teng, B-H. \(1998\) \221Resource )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0015 Tw 17.83 0 Td [(and risk m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt in the strategic )]TJ 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw -17.83 -1.15 Td [(alliance m)9(aking proces)5(s\222,)6( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0028 Tw 10.44 0 Td (Journal of Management,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 9.865 0 Td ( 24: 21-42. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -20.305 -2.15 Td [(Das, T.K. and Teng, B-H. \(2002\) \221Th)5(e)-1( dynam)8(i)]TJ 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 18.655 0 Td (cs of alliance conditi)Tj 0.0009 Tc -0.0042 Tw 8.31 0 Td [(ons in the allian)6(ce )]TJ 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw -26.965 -1.15 Td [(developm)8(ent process\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 9.25 0 Td (Journal of Management Studies,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0026 Tw 13.005 0 Td ( 39: 725-746. )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -22.255 -2.15 Td (Dekker, H.C. \(2004\) \221Control of inter-)Tj 15.385 0 Td (organizational relati)Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 8.025 0 Td (onships: evidence on )Tj -0.0002 Tc -0.0023 Tw -23.41 -1.15 Td (appropriation concerns and )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 11.13 0 Td [(coordination requirem)8(ents\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 11.355 0 Td (Accounting, Organizations )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -22.485 -1.15 Td (and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.885 0 Td ( 29: 27-49. )Tj -4.885 -2.15 Td [(Dyer, J.H. \(1996\) \221Specialized supp)5(lier )]TJ -0.0014 Tw 15.945 0 Td [(networks)5( as a source of com)8(petitive )]TJ -0.0002 Tc -0.0023 Tw -15.945 -1.15 Td (advantage: Evidence fro)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw 9.72 0 Td [(m)8( the auto industry\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 8.58 0 Td (Strategic Management Journal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0003 Tc 0.0003 Tw 12.44 0 Td (, 17: 271-)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -30.74 -1.15 Td (291. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 0 -2.15 TD (Dyer, J.H. and Singh, H. \(1998\) \221The re)Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 15.945 0 Td (lational view: Coopera)Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 9.105 0 Td (tive strategy and )Tj 0.001 Tc -0.001 Tw -25.05 -1.15 Td [(sources of)4( in)6(terorg)6(aniz)5(ational com)9(p)1(etitiv)6(e advantage\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 22 0 Td (Academy of Management )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0 Tw -22 -1.15 Td (Review,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw 3.14 0 Td ( 23: 660-679. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -3.14 -2.15 Td (Eccles, R. \(1981\) \221The quasifir)Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 12.39 0 Td [(m)8( in the construction industry\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 12.83 0 Td (Journal of Economic )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -25.22 -1.15 Td (Behavior and Organization,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 11.25 0 Td ( 2: 335-357. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -11.25 -2.15 Td (Giddens, A. \(1998\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.001 Tw 7.975 0 Td [(The third way: T)7(he renewal of social democracy)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 19.41 0 Td (. Cambridge: )Tj 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw -27.385 -1.15 Td [(Polity Pre)5(ss.)6( )]TJ 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw T* [(Gittell, J.H. and W)9(e)-1(iss, L. \(2004\) \221C)7(oor)]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0013 Tw 15.915 0 Td (dination networks within and aacross )Tj 0.0012 Tc -15.915 -1.15 Td [(organiz)5(ation)6(s: A m)9(u)1(lti-le)5(vel f)4(r)-1(am)9(ework\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw 16.75 0 Td [(Journal of Managem)8(e)-1(nt Studies,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0003 Tc -0.0022 Tw 12.995 0 Td ( 41: 127-)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -29.745 -1.15 Td (153. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw T* (Grandori, A. \(1997\). \221An organizational asse)Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 17.94 0 Td [(ssment of interfirm)8( coordination m)8(odes\222. )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw -17.94 -1.15 Td (Organization Studies)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 8.48 0 Td (, 18, 897-925. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -8.48 -2.15 Td [(Granovetter, M. \(1985\) \221Econom)8(ic a)-6(c)-1(tion a)]TJ 0 Tc -0.005 Tw 17.365 0 Td (nd social structure:)Tj -0.0004 Tc 0.0004 Tw 7.605 0 Td ( the problem of )Tj 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw -24.97 -1.15 Td [(em)8(beddedne)-6(ss\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 6.67 0 Td (American Journal of Sociology)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw 12.475 0 Td (, 91: 481-510. )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0013 Tw -19.145 -2.145 Td [(Gulati, R. \(1)6(995a\) \221Does)5( fa)-6(m)8(iliarity breed trus)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 18.61 0 Td [(t? The im)8(plications of repeated ties for )]TJ 0.0006 Tc -0.0039 Tw -18.61 -1.15 Td [(contractual choice in alliances)5(\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 12.91 0 Td (Academy of Management Journal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 13.52 0 Td (, 38: 85-112. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0011 Tw -26.43 -2.15 Td (Gulati, R. \(1995b\) \221Social structure and al)Tj -0.0015 Tw 16.835 0 Td [(liance for)-7(m)8(ation patterns: A longitudinal )]TJ 0.001 Tc 0 Tw -16.835 -1.15 Td [(analys)5(is\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 4.06 0 Td [(A)6(dministrative Science Quarterly,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 13.635 0 Td ( 40: 619-652. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -17.695 -2.15 Td (Gulati, R. \(1998\) \221Allia)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 9.42 0 Td (nces and networks\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0028 Tw 8.215 0 Td (Strategic Management Journal,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 12.69 0 Td ( 19: 293-)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -30.325 -1.15 Td (317. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw 0 -2.15 TD (Gulati, R., Nohria, N. and Zaheer, )Tj -0.0003 Tw 13.885 0 Td [(A. \(2000\) \221S)7(trategic networks\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw 12.775 0 Td (Strategic )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -26.66 -1.15 Td (Management Journal,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 8.84 0 Td ( 21: 203-215. )Tj -0.0008 Tw -8.84 -2.15 Td (Gulati, R. and Singh, H. \(1998\) \221The ar)Tj -0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw 15.75 0 Td (chitecture of cooperation: Managing )Tj 0.0001 Tw -15.75 -1.15 Td (coordination costs and appropriation c)Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0038 Tw 15.335 0 Td (oncerns in strategic alliances\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw 12.36 0 Td [(Adm)7(i)-2(nistrative )]TJ 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw -27.695 -1.15 Td [(Science Qua)6(rterly,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 7.5 0 Td ( 43: 781-814. )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 796 0 obj<> endobj 798 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td (Gnyawali, D.R. and Madhavan, R. \(2001\) \221Cooperative networks and co\ mpetitive )Tj 0 -1.15 TD [(dynam)8(i)-2(cs: A structural embeddedness perspective\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 20.83 0 Td (Academy of Management Review)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 13.295 0 Td (, )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -34.125 -1.15 Td (26: 431-445. )Tj /CS0 cs 1 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw T* ( )Tj 0 g 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw T* (H\345kansson, H. and Lind, J. \(2004\) \221A)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0035 Tw 15.055 0 Td (ccounting and network coordination\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw -15.055 -1.15 Td (Accounting, Organizations and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0005 Tc 0.0005 Tw 15.92 0 Td ( 29: 51-72. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -15.92 -2.15 Td (Hirst, P. \(1994\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 6.475 0 Td (Associative democracy: New forms of economic and social )Tj 0.0006 Tc -6.475 -1.15 Td (governance.)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 4.915 0 Td [( Cam)8(bridge: Polity Pr)3(ess)5(. )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -4.915 -2.15 Td (Hirst, P. and Zeitlin, J. \(1991\) \221Flexible )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0017 Tw 16.085 0 Td [(specialization versus post-fordism)8(:)-2( theory, )]TJ 0.0011 Tc -0.0044 Tw -16.085 -1.15 Td [(evidence an)6(d policy im)9(plica)5(tions)5(\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 14.025 0 Td [(E)6(c)-1(onomy and Society,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw 8.855 0 Td ( 20: 1-56. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -22.88 -2.15 Td [(Hol)-7(m)8(str\366m)8(, B. and Roberts, J. \(1998\) )]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 15.33 0 Td [(\221The boundaries of the firm)8( revisited\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw 15.58 0 Td (Journal )Tj 0 Tc -30.91 -1.15 Td (of Economic Perspectives,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 10.58 0 Td ( 12: 73-94. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw -10.58 -2.15 Td (Hood, C. and Rothstein, H. \(2000\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 14.06 0 Td [(Business risk management in governm)8(ent: Pitfalls )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -14.06 -1.15 Td (and possibilities)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.001 Tw 6.53 0 Td (. London: National Audit Office, 2000. )Tj 0.0001 Tc 0.0009 Tw -6.53 -2.15 Td (Hopwood, A.G. \(1996\) \221Looking across rather)Tj -0.0007 Tw 18.615 0 Td ( than up and down: on the need to )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0015 Tw -18.615 -1.15 Td [(explore the lateral processing of inform)8(ation\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 18.635 0 Td (Accounting, Organizations and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tw 15.91 0 Td ( )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -34.545 -1.15 Td (21: 589-590. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw 0 -2.15 TD (Hutter, M. and Teubner, G. \(1993\) )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw 14.11 0 Td [(\221T)6(he parasitic role of hybrids\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0051 Tw 12.495 0 Td (Journal of )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -26.605 -1.15 Td [(Institutional and Theoretical Econom)8(ics,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 16.39 0 Td ( 149: 706-715. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -16.39 -2.15 Td (Institute of Chartered Accountants in)Tj 0.0006 Tc 0.0004 Tw 14.83 0 Td [( England and W)9(a)-1(les \(ICAEW)9(\) \(1999\) )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc 0 Tw 15.385 0 Td (Internal )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0008 Tw -30.215 -1.15 Td (control: Guidance for directors on the Combined Code)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 22.075 0 Td ( [Turnbull Report]. London: )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -22.075 -1.15 Td (Institute of Chartered Account)Tj 0 Tc 0.0012 Tw 12.195 0 Td [(ants in England and W)9(a)-1(les. )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw -12.195 -2.15 Td (Ittner, C.D., Larcker, D., Nagar, V., )Tj -0.0001 Tw 14.55 0 Td (and Rajan, M. \(1999\). \221Supplier selection, )Tj 0.0007 Tc -0.0057 Tw -14.55 -1.15 Td (monitoring practices an)Tj 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw 9.44 0 Td [(d firm)9( perform)9(ance\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw 8.605 0 Td (Journal of Accounting and Public )Tj 0.001 Tc 0 Tw -18.045 -1.15 Td (Policy,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0003 Tc 0.0003 Tw 2.81 0 Td ( 18: 253-281. )Tj 0.0003 Tc 0.0011 Tw -2.81 -2.15 Td [(Kogut, B., Shan, W)9(., and W)9(a)-1(lker, G. \(1992\). )]TJ 0.0006 Tc 0.0044 Tw 18.14 0 Td [(\221The m)8(a)-1(ke-or-coopera)]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 8.97 0 Td (te decision in the )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -27.11 -1.145 Td (context of an industry network\222, in )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 14.14 0 Td [(N. Nohria and R.G. Ecc)-6(l)-2(es \(eds.\), )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 13.7 0 Td [(N)7(e)-1(tworks and )]TJ -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw -27.84 -1.15 Td (organizations)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw 5.5 0 Td (. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. )Tj 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw -5.5 -2.15 Td [(Kurunm)9(\344ki, L. \(2004\) \221A)8( hybrid prof)9(e)]TJ -0.0018 Tw 15.355 0 Td [(ssion \226 th)6(e acquis)5(ition of m)9(anage)-5(ment )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -15.355 -1.15 Td [(accounting expertise by m)8(e)]TJ 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw 10.96 0 Td (dical professionals\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0028 Tw 8.315 0 Td [(A)6(ccounting, Organizations and )]TJ 0 Tw -19.275 -1.15 Td (Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw 3.14 0 Td ( 29: 327-347. )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -3.14 -2.15 Td [(Kurunm)8(\344ki, L. and Miller, P. \(2004\) )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 14.83 0 Td (Modernisation, partnerships and the )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw -14.83 -1.15 Td (management of risk)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 7.895 0 Td [(. CA)7(RR Discussion Paper no. 31. London: London School of )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.001 Tw -7.895 -1.15 Td [(Econom)8(ics and Political Science, Centre )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 16.5 0 Td (for Analysis of Risk and Regulation. )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0018 Tw -16.5 -2.15 Td [(Lam)8(oreaux, N. R., Ra)-6(ff, D.M.G., and Tem)8(i)]TJ 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 17.35 0 Td [(n, P. \()-7(2004\) \221Against W)9(hig history\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -17.35 -1.15 Td (Enterprise and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw 9.36 0 Td ( 5: 376-387. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -9.36 -2.15 Td (Latour, B. \(1993\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 7.25 0 Td [(We ha)5(ve never b)5(e)-1(en modern)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 11.325 0 Td [(. Hem)8(e)-1(l He)-6(m)8(ps)-5(t)-2(ead: Harvester )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw -18.575 -1.15 Td (Wheatsheaf. [First published in French as )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 16.915 0 Td (Nous n\222avons jamais \351t\351 modernes)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw 13.94 0 Td (, Paris, )Tj 0 Tc -0.005 Tw -30.855 -1.15 Td (Editions la D\351couverte, 1991.] )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 800 0 obj<> endobj 802 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(Llewellyn, S)6(. \(1991\) \221Boundary work: costi)]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0009 Tw 17.525 0 Td (ng and caring in the social services\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw -17.525 -1.15 Td (Accounting, Organizations and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0005 Tc 0.0005 Tw 15.92 0 Td ( 23: 23-47. )Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw -15.92 -2.15 Td [(Llewellyn, S)7(.)1( \(1994\) \221Managing the b)6(oundary: ho)6(w accountin)6(g is im)8(plicated in )]TJ -0.0031 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(m)8(a)-1(intaining the organization\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0003 Tc 0.0003 Tw 12.335 0 Td (Accounting, Auditing and )Tj 0 Tc -0.005 Tw 10.49 0 Td (Accountability Journal)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 9.195 0 Td (, 7: 4-)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -32.02 -1.15 Td (23. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 0 -2.15 TD (Marchington, M. and Vincent, S. \(2004\) )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw 16.39 0 Td (\221Analysing the influence of institutional, )Tj 0.0011 Tc -0.0018 Tw -16.39 -1.15 Td [(organiz)5(ation)6(al and in)6(terp)6(ersonal f)4(o)1(r)4(c)5(es in shap)6(in)6(g inte)5(r-org)6(a)5(n)1(izational re)5(lations\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc 0 -1.15 TD (Journal of Management Studies,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 13.005 0 Td ( 41: 1030-1056. )Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw -13.005 -2.15 Td [(Milgrom)8(,)1( P. and Roberts, J. \(1995\) \221C)8(om)8(plem)8(enta)-6(rities and fit\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0004 Tc 0.0004 Tw 25.83 0 Td (Journal of )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0029 Tw -25.83 -1.15 Td (Accounting and Economics,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0004 Tc 0.0004 Tw 11.195 0 Td ( 19: 179-208. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -11.195 -2.15 Td (Miller, P. \(1998\) \221The margins of accounting\222,)Tj /TT1 1 Tf -0.0004 Tc 0.0004 Tw 18.645 0 Td ( European Accounting Review,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 12.375 0 Td ( 7: 605-)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -31.02 -1.15 Td (621. )Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw 0 -2.15 TD [(Miller, P. \(1)6(997\) \221The multip)6(lying m)8(achine\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw 18.25 0 Td (Accounting, Organizations and Society)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.005 Tc 0 Tw 15.66 0 Td (, )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -33.91 -1.15 Td (22: 355-364. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0011 Tw T* [(Miller, P. an)5(d O\222Leary, T. \(1994a. \221Acc)]TJ 0.0007 Tc -0.0019 Tw 15.965 0 Td [(ounting,)6( \223econom)9(ic citizensh)6(ip\224 and the )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -15.965 -1.15 Td [(spatial reordering of m)8(a)-1(nufacture\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw 14.195 0 Td [(A)6(ccounting, Organizations and Society,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0005 Tc 0.0005 Tw 15.915 0 Td ( 19: 15-34. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0012 Tw -30.11 -2.15 Td (Miller, P. and O\222Leary, T. \(1994b\))Tj 0 Tc 13.915 0 Td ( \221The factory as laboratory\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 11.49 0 Td (Science in Context,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0033 Tc 0.0033 Tw 7.695 0 Td [( 7:)-5( )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -33.1 -1.15 Td (469-496. )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0013 Tw T* [(Miller, P. an)6(d O\222Leary, T. \(2005a\) \221Managi)]TJ -0.0017 Tw 17.5 0 Td [(ng o)6(p)1(erational flexibility in investm)8(e)-1(nt )]TJ 0 Tw -17.5 -1.15 Td (decisions\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 4.56 0 Td (Journal of Applied Corporate Finance,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 15.69 0 Td ( 17: 18-24. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw -20.25 -2.15 Td (Miller, P. and O\222Leary, T. \(2005b\) \221Capita)Tj -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 17.11 0 Td (l budgeting, coordinati)Tj -0.0005 Tc -0.0011 Tw 9.08 0 Td (on, and strategy: a )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -26.19 -1.15 Td [(field study of interfirm)8( and intrafirm)8( )]TJ 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw 14.885 0 Td [(m)9(echanis)-5(m)9(s)-5(\222, in C. Chapm)9(an \(ed.\), )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw 14.415 0 Td (Controlling )Tj 0.0012 Tc -29.3 -1.15 Td [(strateg)6(y)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.001 Tw 3.225 0 Td (. Oxford: Oxford University Press. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw -3.225 -2.15 Td (Miller, P. and O\222Leary, T. \(2005c\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -0.0016 Tw 14.105 0 Td (Mediating instruments and making markets: )Tj -0.0003 Tw -14.105 -1.15 Td [(capital budgeting, science and system)8(s of assets.)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.0012 Tw 19.445 0 Td ( Working Paper. London: London )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -19.445 -1.15 Td [(School of Econom)8(ics and Political S)7(c)-1(ie)]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 15.805 0 Td (nce/University of Manchester, 2005. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -15.805 -2.145 Td [(Mouritsen, J. \(1999\) \221The flexible firm)8(: st)]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 16.77 0 Td [(rategies for a subcontractor\222s managem)8(e)-1(nt )]TJ 0.0005 Tc 0 Tw -16.77 -1.15 Td (control\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw 3.67 0 Td (Accounting, Organizations and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 15.905 0 Td ( 24: 31-55. )Tj -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -19.575 -2.15 Td (Mouritsen, J., Hansen, A. and Hansen, C.O.)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 17.55 0 Td ( \(2001\) \221Inter-organiza)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0027 Tw 9.165 0 Td (tional controls and )Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw -26.715 -1.15 Td [(organizational com)8(p)1(etencies: episodes ar)]TJ 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 16.42 0 Td [(ound target cost m)8(a)-1(nagem)8(e)-1(nt/functional )]TJ -16.42 -1.15 Td [(analysis and)5( open book accounting\222,)5( )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 14.83 0 Td (Management Accounting Research,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0004 Tc -0.0021 Tw 14.25 0 Td ( 12: 221-244. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw -29.08 -2.15 Td (Nohria, N. \(1992\) \221Is a network perspectiv)Tj 0.0008 Tw 17.05 0 Td (e a useful way of st)Tj -0.0003 Tc 0.0003 Tw 7.75 0 Td (udying organizations?\222, )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0009 Tw -24.8 -1.15 Td (in N. Nohria, and R.G. Eccles \(eds.\), )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 14.965 0 Td (Networks and organizations)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 11.28 0 Td (. Boston, MA: )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -26.245 -1.15 Td (Harvard Business School Press. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 0 -2.15 TD [(Nohria, N. and Eccles, R)7(.G. \(eds.\) \(1992\) )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 16.86 0 Td (Networks and organizations)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 11.28 0 Td (. Boston, MA: )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -28.14 -1.15 Td (Harvard Business School Press. )Tj /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 804 0 obj<> endobj 806 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(Nohria, N. and Eccles, R)7(. G. \(1992\) \221Face-to)5(-face: Making n)5(e)-1(twork organization)5(s )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 0 -1.15 TD (work\222, in N. Nohria, and R.G. Eccles \(eds.\), )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 17.865 0 Td [(Netw)7(orks and organizations)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0051 Tw 11.275 0 Td (. Boston, )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -29.14 -1.15 Td [(MA: Harvard Business S)6(c)-1(hool Press. )]TJ 0 Tc 0.001 Tw 0 -2.15 TD [(Ouchi, W)9(. \(1979\) \221A conceptual fram)8(e)-6(w)2(or)]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0.0006 Tw 17.07 0 Td (k for the design of organizational control )Tj 0.0015 Tc 0 Tw -17.07 -1.15 Td [(m)9(echanism)9(s)-4(\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 5.78 0 Td [(Managem)8(e)-1(nt Science,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0004 Tc -0.0021 Tw 8.775 0 Td ( 25: 833-848. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -14.555 -2.15 Td [(Pettig)5(rew, A.M., W)9(hittin)5(gton, R., Melin, L., S\341nchez-Runde, C., Van den Bosch, F., )]TJ 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 0 -1.15 TD [(Ruigrok, W)9(.)-4(, and Num)8(a)-6(gam)8(i)-2(, T. \(2003\) )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc -0.0016 Tw 16.14 0 Td (Innovative forms of or)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0054 Tw 8.915 0 Td (ganizing: International )Tj -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw -25.055 -1.15 Td (perspectives)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 4.94 0 Td (. London: Sage Publications. )Tj -4.94 -2.15 Td (Piore, M. and Sabel, C. \(1984\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 12.5 0 Td (The second industrial divi)Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0027 Tw 10.415 0 Td (de: Possibilities for )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0 Tw -22.915 -1.15 Td (prosperity)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0013 Tw 4.115 0 Td (. New York: Basic Books. )Tj -0.0001 Tw -4.115 -2.15 Td (Pisano, G.P., Russo, M.V., and Teece, D. \()Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0017 Tw 17.14 0 Td [(1988\) \221Joint v)6(e)-1(ntu)6(r)4(es and collaborative )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -17.14 -1.15 Td [(agreem)8(ents in the tele-communications e)]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw 16.38 0 Td [(quipm)8(ent industry\222, in D. Mowery, \(ed.\), )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0003 Tw -16.38 -1.15 Td (International collaborative ven)Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 12.5 0 Td (tures in U.S. manufacturing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 11.14 0 Td [(. Cam)8(b)1(ridge, MA: )]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0 Tw -23.64 -1.15 Td (Ballinger. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 0 -2.15 TD [(Powell, W)9(.)-5(W. \(1985\) )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw 8.83 0 Td [(Getting into p)6(rint: The d)6(e)5(cisi)]TJ -0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw 11.67 0 Td (on making process in scholarly )Tj -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw -20.5 -1.15 Td (publishing)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0009 Tw 4.225 0 Td (. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -4.225 -2.15 Td [(Powell, W)9(.)-5(W. \(1987\) \221Hybrid organizational )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 18.22 0 Td [(arrangem)8(e)-1(nts: new for)-7(m)8( or transitional )]TJ 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw -18.22 -1.15 Td [(developm)8(ent?)-6(\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0 Tc 6.445 0 Td [(California Managem)7(e)-1(nt Review, )]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 13.27 0 Td (30: 67-87. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -19.715 -2.15 Td [(Powell, W)9(.)-5(W. \(1990\) \221Neither m)8(a)-1(rket nor hi)]TJ 0.0004 Tc 0.0008 Tw 17.805 0 Td [(erarchy: Network form)8(s of organization\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0017 Tw -17.805 -1.15 Td (Research in Organizational Behavior,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 15.28 0 Td ( 12: 295-336. )Tj 0.0005 Tc 0.0005 Tw -15.28 -2.15 Td [(Powell, W)9(.)-4(W., Koput, K.W)9(., and Sm)8(ith-D)]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 16.965 0 Td (oerr, L. \(1996\) \221Interorganizational )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -16.965 -1.15 Td (collaboration and the locus of innovation:)Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 16.695 0 Td ( Networks of learning in biotechnology\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0008 Tc -0.0033 Tw -16.695 -1.15 Td [(Administra)6(tive Scien)6(ce Quarterly,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 13.64 0 Td ( 41: 116-145. )Tj 0 Tc 0 Tw -13.64 -2.15 Td (Power, M. \(2004\) )Tj /TT1 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 7.36 0 Td (The risk management of everythi)Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 13.105 0 Td (ng: Rethinking the politics of )Tj 0.0013 Tc 0 Tw -20.465 -1.15 Td [(uncerta)6(inty)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw 4.56 0 Td (. London: Demos. )Tj 0.0001 Tw -4.56 -2.15 Td (Ring, P.S. and Van de Ven, A.H. \(1992\) )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 16.385 0 Td (\221Structuring coopera)Tj 0.0006 Tc -0.0056 Tw 8.245 0 Td (tive relationships )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -24.63 -1.145 Td (between organizations\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 9.8 0 Td (Strategic Management Journal,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw 12.695 0 Td ( 13: 483-498. )Tj 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw -22.495 -2.15 Td (Roberts, J. \(2004\). )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 7.67 0 Td (The modern firm)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 6.72 0 Td (. Oxford: Clarendon. )Tj -0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw -14.39 -2.15 Td (Rose, N. and Miller, P. \(1992\) \221Political)Tj 16.055 0 Td [( power beyond the state: Problem)8(atics of )]TJ 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw -16.055 -1.15 Td [(governm)9(ent\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0005 Tc -0.0021 Tw 5.61 0 Td [(British Jou)6(rnal of Soc)4(iology,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 11.555 0 Td ( 43: 173-205. )Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0012 Tw -17.165 -2.15 Td [(Sabel, C.F. and Zeitlin, J. \(2004\) \221N)8(either )]TJ 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 16.945 0 Td [(m)8(odularity nor relational contracting: inter-)]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw -16.945 -1.15 Td [(firm)8( collaboration in the new economy\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf -0.0002 Tc 0.0002 Tw 16.41 0 Td (Enterprise and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 9.355 0 Td [( 5: 388-403. Sa)-6(m)8(pler, )]TJ 0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw -25.765 -1.15 Td (J.L. and Short, J.E. \(1998\) \221Strategy in )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw 15.725 0 Td [(dynam)8(i)-2(c infor)-6(m)8(ation-intensive environm)8(ents\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0018 Tw -15.725 -1.15 Td (Journal of Management Studies,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 13.005 0 Td ( 35: 429-436. )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw -13.005 -2.15 Td [(Sarbanes-O)8(x)-1(ley Act)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc 0.0005 Tw 7.97 0 Td [( \(2002\) H.R. 3763. W)9(a)-1(shington DC: Governm)8(e)-1(nt Printing Office. )]TJ /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC /QITE_pageno BMC EMC ET endstream endobj 808 0 obj<> endobj 810 0 obj<>stream 0 g 1 i /GS0 gs BT /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 0 Ts 100 Tz 0 Tr 12 0 0 12 90 794.9603 Tm ( )Tj 12 0 0 12 293.7 38.4203 Tm ( )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.001 Tw -16.975 60.045 Td [(Seal, W)9(., Be)-6(rry, A., and Cullen, J. \(2)]TJ -0.0016 Tw 14.745 0 Td [(004\) \221Disem)8(bedding the supply chain: )]TJ -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw -14.745 -1.15 Td (institutionalised reflexivit)Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 10.305 0 Td [(y and inter-firm)8( accounting\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw 11.8 0 Td (Accounting, Organizations )Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw -22.105 -1.15 Td (and Society,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf 4.885 0 Td ( 29: 73-92. )Tj 0 Tc 0.0008 Tw -4.885 -2.15 Td [(Sim)8(s)-1(ek, Z., Lubatkin, M.H., and Floyd, S.)]TJ 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw 16.865 0 Td [(W)9(. \(2003\) \221Inter-firm networks and )]TJ 0 Tc 0 Tw -16.865 -1.15 Td (entrepreneurial behavior: A struct)Tj 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 13.525 0 Td [(ural em)8(beddedness Perspective\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 13.33 0 Td (Journal of )Tj 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw -26.855 -1.15 Td (Management)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 5.225 0 Td (, 29: 427-442.)Tj /CS0 cs 1 0 0 scn 0 Tc 0 Tw 5.61 0 Td ( )Tj 0 g 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw -10.835 -2.15 Td [(Sm)8(ith, K.G., Carroll, S.J., and Ashford, S.J.)]TJ 17.53 0 Td ( \(1995\) \221Intra- and )Tj 0 Tw 7.665 0 Td (interorganizational )Tj -0.0004 Tw -25.195 -1.15 Td (cooperation: toward a )Tj -0.0003 Tc -0.0047 Tw 8.975 0 Td (research agenda\222, )Tj /TT1 1 Tf 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw 7.24 0 Td [(Academ)7(y)-1( of Management Journal,)]TJ /TT0 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw 13.77 0 Td ( 38: 7-23. )Tj 0.0001 Tc -0.0017 Tw -29.985 -2.15 Td (Sobrero, M. and Schrader, S. \(1998\) \221Str)Tj 0.0003 Tc -0.0036 Tw 16.28 0 Td [(ucturing inter-firm)8( relationships: A )-8(m)8(e)-1(ta-)]TJ 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw -16.28 -1.15 Td [(analytic app)6(r)-1(oach\222, )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0001 Tc -0.0051 Tw 7.92 0 Td (Organization Studies,)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 8.72 0 Td ( 19: 585-615. )Tj 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw -16.64 -2.15 Td [(Streeck, W)9(.)1( and Schm)8(itter, P.C. \(1985\) )]TJ /TT1 1 Tf 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw 15.915 0 Td [(Priva)6(t)-1(e in)6(teres)5(t)-1( gover)5(nment: Beyo)6(nd market )]TJ -15.915 -1.15 Td (and state)Tj /TT0 1 Tf -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw 3.645 0 Td [(. 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