Dr Michael Wilkinson recently talked to the Brazilian Research Group on ‘Justice and the State of Exception’ of the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo () about his recent book Authoritarian Liberalism and the Transformation of Modern Europe (OUP 2021). In this discussion and Q and A, he outlined how authoritarian liberalism emerges in the interwar era in opposition to mass democracy, and evolves in various stages, taking active as well as passive constitutional forms.