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Dr Abenaa Owusu-Bempah and Dr Federico Picinali

This course is available on the BA in Anthropology and Law and LLB in Laws. This course is available with permission as an outside option to students on other programmes where regulations permit. This course is available to General Course students.

If a person is suspected of committing a crime, how does the prosecution go about proving that she is guilty? Are there any restrictions on the type of evidence that the prosecution can use to prove its case? What protections does the law offer to defendants in order to safeguard them against false conviction? These are among the central questions in the law of criminal evidence, that is, the set of rules governing the production and the use of evidence in criminal trials.

This course concentrates on criminal, rather than civil evidence, and emphasis is placed on matters of principle and conceptual issues rather than the fine detail of legal rules. The aims of the course are to teach students how to reason about evidence, and to encourage them to reflect critically on the modern law of criminal evidence.

At a more detailed level, we consider how inferences are drawn from evidence, and how basic ideas of probability can give insights on this process. We study the standard of proof, asking whether a high standard such as ‘proof beyond reasonable doubt’ is justified. As far as pre-trial procedures are concerned, we examine – among other things – how the police gain confessions from suspects and produce eyewitness identification evidence; we also look at how the law regulates the admissibility of these types of evidence. A central theme on the course is the question as to what makes a trial fair. The European Convention on Human Rights is relevant to this question. In this context, we look – among other things – at whether courts should admit improperly obtained evidence, and we ask what the privilege against self-incrimination is and whether it can be justified. As you will learn, much of the law of evidence involves rules of admissibility. Among these we cover ‘traditional’ rules such as those regulating the admissibility of hearsay evidence (a topic that now has an important human rights angle) and of bad character evidence (can a defendant’s previous convictions be introduced against her at trial?). We also look at particular problems relating to testimony, ranging from the protections afforded to vulnerable witnesses to the admissibility of evidence concerning the sexual history of complainants in trials for sexual offences.

Syllabus: While coverage may vary from year to year, we usually focus on the following themes and topics:

Reasoning with Evidence:

• Analysing Evidence: Relevance, Probative Value and Generalisations;
• The Standard of Proof;
• The Burden of Proof and the Presumption of Innocence;

Trial Fairness and the Gathering of the Evidence:

• Improperly Obtained Evidence;
• Eyewitness Identification;
• Confessions;
• Entrapment;

Traditional Rules of Admissibility:

• Hearsay;
• Confrontation;
• Bad Character Evidence;

Trial Fairness and Defendant Cooperation:

• The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination;
• Drawing Inferences from Silence;
• Disclosure;

Testimony:

• Examination of Witnesses
• Vulnerable Witnesses;
• Sexual History Evidence.

The course has a Moodle page. You are encouraged to consult it should you want more information on the themes, the topics, and the sort of material that we study.

20 hours of lectures and 9 hours of classes in the MT. 20 hours of lectures and 10 hours of classes in the LT. 1 hour of classes in the ST.

Students will be expected to produce 1 essay in the MT and 1 essay in the LT.

There is no set text for the course, but standard texts are useful on many topics. Consider, for instance, I. H. Dennis, The Law of Evidence (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 6th ed, 2017); A. Choo, Evidence (Oxford: OUP, 5th ed, 2018); R. Munday, Evidence (Oxford: OUP, 9th ed, 2017).

Exam (100%, duration: 3 hours, reading time: 15 minutes) in the summer exam period.